Élections et Démocratie
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Questions and Answers

Quel est l'objectif principal des élections dans un système démocratique ?

  • Servir de lien entre les citoyens et leurs représentants (correct)
  • Créer un système autoritaire de gouvernement
  • Assurer la participation directe de tous les citoyens aux décisions
  • Promouvoir le vote obligatoire pour tous les citoyens
  • Quel type de système électoral est illustré par le terme 'first past the post' ?

  • Système de gouvernance démocratique
  • Système majoritaire à un seul membre (correct)
  • Système de représentation proportionnelle
  • Système mixte de représentation
  • Quel modèle souligne l'importance de la stabilité gouvernementale et du pouvoir majoritaire ?

  • Démocratie représentative
  • Démocratie participative
  • Démocratie pluraliste
  • Démocratie de gouvernance (correct)
  • Quel type de système électoral combine des éléments de systèmes majoritaires et proportionnels ?

    <p>Système mixte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est un résultat des systèmes électoraux proportionnels ?

    <p>Inclusion de représentations multiples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle est l'importance de la représentation dans une démocratie ?

    <p>Elle assure que toutes les voix sont entendues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qu'est-ce qui influence directement la formation des gouvernements ?

    <p>Les résultats électoraux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel type de structure législative est typiquement associé à des systèmes autoritaires ?

    <p>Classe de rangées régimentées</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle vague d'autocratisation est marquée par la montée du fascisme et des régimes totalitaires?

    <p>Première vague (1922–1942)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel changement majeur dans la relation entre les dirigeants et les gouvernés est mentionné?

    <p>Les rois sont responsables devant le peuple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quels pays représentent des exemples récents d'autocratisation en Amérique latine?

    <p>Venezuela, Nicaragua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle citation d'Abraham Lincoln résume l'idée de démocratie?

    <p>Gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple, pour le peuple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel type de régime implique une limitation des droits individuels tout en ayant une participation électorale?

    <p>Démocratie électorale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel auteur a contribué à la redécouverte des idéaux démocratiques au 19ème siècle?

    <p>George Grote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel pays d'Afrique subsaharienne a récemment connu une autocratie et des coups d'État militaires?

    <p>Mali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selon Joseph Schumpeter, quel est un élément clé de la démocratie?

    <p>La lutte concurrentielle pour les voix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel pays d'Asie et du Pacifique est considéré comme une démocratie consolidée?

    <p>Corée du Sud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qu'est-ce que la définition minimale de la démocratie selon Schumpeter?

    <p>Un processus électoral libre et juste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle théorie propose que le développement économique conduit à la démocratie?

    <p>Théorie de la modernisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel problème est associé à l'idée d'électoralisme?

    <p>Les élections ne garantissent pas une véritable démocratie.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel facteur critique selon la théorie de Moore influence la démocratisation?

    <p>La bourgeoisie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle région a connu des défis croissants aux normes démocratiques bien que stable dans ses démocraties libérales?

    <p>Europe de l'Ouest et Amérique du Nord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel aspect de la démocratie implique un équilibre entre la règle de la majorité et le bien commun?

    <p>L'engagement envers le bien-être collectif.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle caractéristique définit le gouvernement dans un système démocratique?

    <p>Les représentants sont élus par les citoyens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle était la durée moyenne de mandat des premiers ministres en France avant 1957 ?

    <p>6 mois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel type de système électoral favorise les partis idéologiques selon le contenu ?

    <p>Système proportionnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est l'impact des seuils électoraux sur la proportionnalité ?

    <p>Réduisent la proportionnalité</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel système a vu un taux de participation des électeurs plus élevé ?

    <p>Système proportionnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel impact les systèmes électoraux majoritaires ont-ils sur la formation du gouvernement ?

    <p>Formation rapide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comment les systèmes électoraux influencent-ils le comportement des candidats ?

    <p>Encouragent des campagnes plus individuelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel système garantit une meilleure représentation des femmes et des minorités ?

    <p>Système proportionnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel a été le nombre total de premiers ministres en France de 1959 à 2018 ?

    <p>22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est un inconvénient des systèmes majoritaires ?

    <p>Peut distordre l'opinion publique dans les résultats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est le principal avantage des systèmes de représentation proportionnelle ?

    <p>Permet une représentation plus équitable des votes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle caractéristique essentielle distingue les systèmes mixtes de représentation ?

    <p>Combine des districts à candidats uniques avec des sièges proportionnels compensatoires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel effet Duverger's First-Past-The-Post a-t-il généralement sur la compétition partisane ?

    <p>Aboutit à une compétition bipartisane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est un effet négatif potentiel des systèmes de représentation proportionnelle ?

    <p>Peut mener à des législatures fragmentées</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est le principal inconvénient de la représentation proportionnelle concernant les coalitions ?

    <p>Dilue la responsabilité politique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comment le système majoritaire à deux tours influence-t-il le multipartisme ?

    <p>Favorise la formation de deux blocs principaux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est un des défis associés aux systèmes électoraux mixtes ?

    <p>Peuvent entraîner une compétition intra-partis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est le rôle principal des partis politiques dans les démocraties représentatives ?

    <p>Ils servent d'intermédiaires entre les citoyens et le gouvernement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle caractéristique définit principalement les partis de cadre ou élites ?

    <p>Ils sont dominés par des élites et ne reposent pas sur une grande adhésion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle fonction des partis politiques implique de soutenir des candidats lors des élections ?

    <p>Représentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quels partis sont principalement issus des mouvements extra-parlementaires ?

    <p>Partis de masse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comment les partis politiques aident-ils à ancrer la démocratie ?

    <p>En organisant des activités politiques au sein de la société.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle est la caractéristique des partis catch-all ?

    <p>Ils sont une transformation des partis de masse après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est l'objectif du recrutement au sein des partis politiques ?

    <p>Sélectionner les meilleurs candidats pour des postes électifs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comment les partis politiques peuvent-ils intégrer de nouveaux membres ?

    <p>En utilisant des mouvements de jeunesse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Accountability of Kings

    • If kings are no longer ruled by divine right, they must be accountable to the people.
    • The king's role is to rule for the people's good, marking a shift in the relationship between rulers and the governed.
    • The idea of the king being accountable to the people and justifying their choices became central to democratic thought.

    19th Century Struggles for Democracy

    • By the 19th century, many republics and constitutional monarchies had emerged, although democracy was not universally accepted.
    • Rediscovering Athenian democracy, through works like George Grote's History of Greece, inspired a revival of democratic ideals.
    • Abraham Lincoln's definition of democracy ("government of the people, by the people, for the people") encompassed three key concepts:
      • Government officials originate from the people.
      • The people elect their representatives.
      • The government acts for the common good.
    • This definition made democracy politically acceptable and desirable.
    • The classic view of democracy emphasized it as a decision-making process: either the people make direct decisions or they elect representatives to do so on their behalf.

    Democracy in the 20th Century

    • Contemporary views, such as Joseph Schumpeter's (1942) perspective, viewed democracy as an institutional arrangement where individuals gain power through competitive elections.
    • Key elements include political competition (candidates vying for votes) and balancing majority rule with the common good.
    • A minimal or procedural view of democracy (as stated by Schumpeter) defines democracy primarily in terms of free and fair elections.
    • Problems include the electoralism fallacy: simply having elections does not guarantee a true democracy, as highlighted by Karl and Schmitter (1991).

    Pluralist Approach to Democracy

    • Robert Dahl (1971) defined democracy with two main dimensions:
      • Contesting: The ability of candidates to compete in free and fair elections, and for citizens to criticize and replace the government.
      • Participation: All adult citizens must have the right to vote and engage in political life.

    Types of Democracy and Historical Context

    • By 1974, less than one-third of independent states were democratic (27.5%).
    • By the early 2000s, most countries claimed to be democratic, but this group had become heterogeneous.
    • Lijphart's typologies (1984/1999) categorized democracies into majoritarian and consensus types.
    • Majoritarian: Executive power concentrated in a single party.
    • Consensus: Power-sharing among multiple parties in a coalition.
    • Gerring (2005) classified democracies as decentralized (power dispersed across levels of governance) or centripetal (power concentrated at a centralized level).
    • The rise of electoral autocracies in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
    • An increase in regimes employing limited multi-party systems while maintaining authoritarian control.
    • Types of regimes include liberal democracy, electoral democracy, electoral autocracy, and closed autocracy.
      • Liberal: High contestation, participation, and executive limitations.
      • Electoral: Participation and contestation, but weaker individual rights.
      • Electoral Autocracy: Limited pluralism; elections are not free or fair.
      • Closed Autocracy: Absence of meaningful participation or contestation.

    Democratization and Autocratization

    • Democratization: Movement toward a democratic regime.
    • Autocratization: Movement away from a democratic regime.
    • Waves include the First Wave (1828–1926), Second Wave (1943–1962), and Third Wave (1974–1996) of democratization. First and Second Waves of autocratization.
    • Autocracies vary in their legitimacy strategies, from repression and co-optation to claims of legitimacy.

    Modernization Theory

    • Economic development drives democracy.
    • Mechanisms include higher education, reducing inequality and distributing wealth, and these factors lessens elite resistance to democracy.

    Social Class Theory

    • Democratization depends on interactions between the peasantry, bourgeoisie, and aristocracy.
    • Outcomes include bourgeois revolutions (France and US), revolutions from above (e.g. Germany), and revolutions from below (e.g. Russia and China).

    Strategic Approaches to Democratization

    • Transition models (O'Donnell & Schmitter, 1986) highlight the strategic interactions between elites and the masses throughout phases.
    • Modes of transition (Karl & Schmitter, 1991) include from above (elites imposing democratization), from below (masses demanding reforms), and pacted transitions (compromises between elites and opposition).
    • Democratic consolidation (Linz & Stepan, 1996) defines democracy as entrenched in behavior, attitudes, and institutions.

    Comparative Analysis of Approaches

    • Structural approaches focus on long-term factors (economic development).
    • Strategic approaches prioritize short and medium-term actor interactions, but underestimate structural constraints.

    Introduction to Executives

    • 'Government' often refers to the central executive branch of a country.
    • The executive branch is responsible for enforcing laws and creating policies.
    • Key questions include types of government, internal structure, executive autonomy in relation to parties/bureaucracies and the capacity to act.

    Types of Governments

    • Executives emerged through the separation of judicial and legislative powers.
    • Types include Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Semi-presidentialism and Directorial government.
    • Democratic governments are often shaped by constitutional constraints on power.

    Internal Workings of Governments

    • Constitutions often provide little detail about the internal decision-making methods of governments, allowing political actors to develop conventions.
    • Different systems have various structures in how executive authority is exercised.

    Political Capacity of Governments

    • Defined by how efficiently and effectively the government responds to issues and policies.
    • A government can be categorized as unified or divided, a majority or minority government and single or coalition government.

    Bureaucracy Capacity and Problems

    • Weberian model of bureaucracy outlines personnel, organization, and procedure to ensure professionalism, efficiency, and consistency.
    • Problems with bureaucracy include Parkinson's Law (bureaucratic growth), potentially conflicting interests and motives (bureaucrat's interest vs. government objectives), leisure shirking (doing less work than expected), dissent-shirking (refusing to implement policies), and political sabotage (actively opposing government policies).

    Introduction to Legislatures

    • Legislatures are assemblies with a political purpose for creating and enacting laws.
    • Types include parliaments and congresses.

    Roles of Legislatures

    • Legislatures play the role of a liaison between citizens and government.
    • Provide representation for societal views and interests.
    • The debating and legislative processes in parliaments provide a public forum for discussing issues.

    Internal Organization of Legislatures

    • Legislatures can be unicameral or bicameral (single or two chamber).
    • The roles of upper and lower houses differ in their functions, responsibilities, and powers.

    Assessing Legislative Power

    • Legislatures can be assessed by their autonomy which is dependent on institutional structures, partisan independence, and interactions with political parties/electoral systems.

    Types of Electoral Systems

    • This encompasses a categorization of electoral systems encompassing mechanisms for converting votes into legislative seats. Examples: majoritarian, proportional representation (PR) and mixed systems.
    • The systems can include single-member plurality, two-round system, block vote, single transferable vote, and party block vote.

    Evaluation of Electoral Systems

    • Majoritarian systems support stable governments with one party achieving majority power, but can disadvantage minority parties.
    • Proportional representation systems improve minority representations but can lead to coalition governments and political instability.
    • The evaluation considers whether the system is disproportionate to the voters' will.

    Introduction to Elections

    • Elections are a mechanism for citizens to participate directly in decision-making
    • They provide a link between people and representatives, confer legitimacy on governments, and shape how governments are formed.
    • Elections significantly impact party systems, intra-party dynamics, and representation.

    Impact on Election Results

    • Duverger's three laws analyze the effects of electoral systems on party competition.
    • Lavau's perspective emphasizes the correlation of electoral rules with social and political factors, arguing that electoral rules are shaped by pre-existing social/political factors rather than the reverse.

    Factors Determining Electoral Systems

    • Mechanical factors like electoral formulas and district magnitude directly impact proportionality and the number of parties represented.
    • Psychological factors influence party/candidate behavior and voter choices, and thresholds in systems can contribute to proportionality.

    The Ballot and its Effects

    • Ballot structure impacts candidates' strategies.
    • Candidate-centered versus party-centered systems influencing party discipline.

    Quality of Democracy and Electoral Systems

    • Voting systems affect government formation, political stability, voter participation, and representation (e.g., women and minorities).

    Case Studies (France, Netherlands, Germany, etc.)

    • Case studies illustrate the interplay of electoral systems, forms of government, legislative structures, and results.

    Political Parties and Party Systems

    • Parties are fundamental organizations in democracies that act as intermediaries between governing institutions and the electorate.
    • Models include cadre parties, mass parties, and catch-all parties.

    Party Systems

    • Party systems are categorized by their type and size of parties, and by competitive and cooperative interactions.

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    Description

    Découvrez les concepts clés entourant les élections dans les systèmes démocratiques à travers ce quiz. Examinez des termes comme 'first past the post' et la représentation dans la gouvernance. Testez vos connaissances sur les différentes structures électorales et leur impact sur la démocratie.

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