El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phenomenon

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What is the name of the irregular periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean?

ELSO

ENSO (correct)

ATMO

SUNO

During the warming phase of the sea temperature, what is it called?

El Niño (correct)

La Niña

El Sol

La Luna

What is the specific atmospheric component that accompanies the sea temperature change during El Niño and La Niña?

Northern Oscillation

Eastern Oscillation

Southern Oscillation (correct)

Western Oscillation

Which phase of the ENSO is characterized by high air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific?

El Niño Signup and view all the answers

What results from a high-pressure area over the eastern Pacific Ocean and a low-pressure system over Indonesia according to the text?

Walker circulation Signup and view all the answers

What effect does weakening or reversal of the Walker circulation have on the ocean surface temperatures?

Causes above-average temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What are the two other main internal climate variability phenomena besides ENSO?

Pacific Decadal Variability and Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability Signup and view all the answers

Which regions of the world are most affected by extreme weather caused by the oscillations of the climate pattern discussed?

Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing Signup and view all the answers

Why did South American fisherman refer to the warming of coastal waters around Christmas as 'El Niño'?

Because it was observed near the Christmas holiday Signup and view all the answers

What did Sir Gilbert Walker discover that is now known as the 'Southern Oscillation'?

Large-scale changes in sea level pressure across Indonesia and the tropical Pacific Signup and view all the answers

Why is ENSO considered one of the most important climate phenomena on Earth?

Because it influences temperature and precipitation globally via atmospheric circulation changes Signup and view all the answers

Why doesn't the acronym 'ENSO' include the term 'La Niña'?

'ENSO' originally referred only to El Niño, not La Niña Signup and view all the answers

How does acid rain affect agriculture?

Alters the composition of the soil Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of acid rain on the aquatic ecosystem?

Altering the chemical composition of water Signup and view all the answers

Which heavy metals can leach into drinking water as a result of acid rain?

Iron, lead, and copper Signup and view all the answers

How does acid rain impact buildings and monuments?

Corrodes them Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical reaction between acid rain and marble?

$CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(l) \rightarrow CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)$ Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Taj Mahal largely affected by acid rain?

Due to industries emitting oxides of sulphur and nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components that contribute to the formation of acid rain?

Sulphur and Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with inventing the term 'acid rain'?

Robert Angus Smith Signup and view all the answers

How did Robert Angus Smith come up with the term 'acid rain'?

By studying rainwater chemistry near industrial towns Signup and view all the answers

Which natural events contribute to the release of Sulphur and Nitrogen particles into the atmosphere?

Lightning strikes and volcanic eruptions Signup and view all the answers

What reaction leads to the formation of weak carbonic acid in clean rainwater?

$H_2O (l) + CO_2 (g) ⇌ H_2CO_3 (aq)$ Signup and view all the answers

How does acid rain affect agriculture, plants, and animals?

Washes away essential nutrients needed for growth and survival Signup and view all the answers

What term was coined in the late 1960s to describe the connection between changes in the ocean and the atmosphere?

ENSO Signup and view all the answers

Which term gained prominence in the 1980s to describe a cooling phase of ENSO?

Neutral Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon, observed since the late 1970s, involves a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere?

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Signup and view all the answers

Which manufactured chemicals are the main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole?

Ozone-depleting Substances (ODS) Signup and view all the answers

What process catalyzes the breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2) in the stratosphere?

Photodissociation releasing atoms from the halogen group Signup and view all the answers

What has been observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased?