El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phenomenon
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the irregular periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean?

  • ELSO
  • ENSO (correct)
  • ATMO
  • SUNO

    • During the warming phase of the sea temperature, what is it called?

  • El Niño (correct)
  • La Niña
  • El Sol
  • La Luna

    • What is the specific atmospheric component that accompanies the sea temperature change during El Niño and La Niña?

  • Northern Oscillation
  • Eastern Oscillation
  • Southern Oscillation (correct)
  • Western Oscillation

    • Which phase of the ENSO is characterized by high air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific?

    <p>El Niño</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from a high-pressure area over the eastern Pacific Ocean and a low-pressure system over Indonesia according to the text?

    <p>Walker circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does weakening or reversal of the Walker circulation have on the ocean surface temperatures?

    <p>Causes above-average temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two other main internal climate variability phenomena besides ENSO?

    <p>Pacific Decadal Variability and Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions of the world are most affected by extreme weather caused by the oscillations of the climate pattern discussed?

    <p>Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did South American fisherman refer to the warming of coastal waters around Christmas as 'El Niño'?

    <p>Because it was observed near the Christmas holiday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sir Gilbert Walker discover that is now known as the 'Southern Oscillation'?

    <p>Large-scale changes in sea level pressure across Indonesia and the tropical Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ENSO considered one of the most important climate phenomena on Earth?

    <p>Because it influences temperature and precipitation globally via atmospheric circulation changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why doesn't the acronym 'ENSO' include the term 'La Niña'?

    <p>'ENSO' originally referred only to El Niño, not La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acid rain affect agriculture?

    <p>Alters the composition of the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of acid rain on the aquatic ecosystem?

    <p>Altering the chemical composition of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heavy metals can leach into drinking water as a result of acid rain?

    <p>Iron, lead, and copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acid rain impact buildings and monuments?

    <p>Corrodes them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction between acid rain and marble?

    <p>$CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(l) \rightarrow CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Taj Mahal largely affected by acid rain?

    <p>Due to industries emitting oxides of sulphur and nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components that contribute to the formation of acid rain?

    <p>Sulphur and Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with inventing the term 'acid rain'?

    <p>Robert Angus Smith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Robert Angus Smith come up with the term 'acid rain'?

    <p>By studying rainwater chemistry near industrial towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural events contribute to the release of Sulphur and Nitrogen particles into the atmosphere?

    <p>Lightning strikes and volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction leads to the formation of weak carbonic acid in clean rainwater?

    <p>$H_2O (l) + CO_2 (g) ⇌ H_2CO_3 (aq)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acid rain affect agriculture, plants, and animals?

    <p>Washes away essential nutrients needed for growth and survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term was coined in the late 1960s to describe the connection between changes in the ocean and the atmosphere?

    <p>ENSO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term gained prominence in the 1980s to describe a cooling phase of ENSO?

    <p>Neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon, observed since the late 1970s, involves a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Stratospheric Ozone Depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manufactured chemicals are the main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole?

    <p>Ozone-depleting Substances (ODS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process catalyzes the breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2) in the stratosphere?

    <p>Photodissociation releasing atoms from the halogen group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased?

    <p>Stratospheric Ozone Depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

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