Einigung Deutschlands und Italiens

The governing body of Tyrol (a region in Austria).

The desire of Trentino (also region Austria) to govern itself independently.

A political movement seeking to unite Italian-speaking territories with Italy.

A period of radical social and political upheaval in France, challenging absolute monarchy.

A system of government where a ruler holds absolute power, without limitations.

A period characterized by significant technological advancements and industrial growth.

A period of political unrest and upheaval in Austria, including uprisings and demands for change.

Loyalty and devotion to a nation; belief that a particular nationality is superior to others.

A period of uprisings and desires for a unified Italy, occurring in multiple kingdoms, principalities, and the Papal States.

A war fought by Sardinia-Piedmont against Austria in 1859, leading to significant territorial gains for Italy.

Cavour, a Sardinian statesman, skillfully used diplomacy and alliances to prepare for and gain support for the unification of Italy.

Austrian-controlled region in Italy, with no autonomy and decisions made in Vienna.

Garibaldi's 1860 campaign to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Fear of losing control over Lombardo-Venetia, triggering wider autonomy demands in Austria's multi-ethnic empire.

A 1859 agreement to end the war between Austria and Sardinia-Piedmont, forcing Austria to abandon Lombardy.

Austrian Emperor's response to the rebellions included censorship, surveillance, and use of security forces.

Austria gave up Lombardy in the Treaty of Villafranca.

A German National Assembly (1848), aiming for German unification.

Napoleon III of France supported Sardinia-Piedmont against Austria but also gained land in return.

Different German unification plans: a smaller Germany (excluding Austria) or a larger Germany which also includes Austria.

An earlier struggle for Italian unification, primarily against Austria.

Friedrich Wilhelm IV's refusal of the German imperial crown stemmed from political considerations and beliefs.

The Prussian refusal impacted the German unification process and led to further political and social negotiations.

The name given to Garibaldi's volunteers in his 1860 campaign.

Garibaldi, after meeting with Victor Emmanuel II at Teano, agreed to subordinate his forces and acknowledge him as King of Italy.

The process of uniting different Italian states under a single government during the 19th century.

Part of Italy, the Kingdom of Lombardo-Venetia, was ruled by Austria.

Italy allied with Prussia to fight against and weaken Austria.

After the Austro-Prussian War (1866), Austria was forced to cede Lombardo-Venetia to Italy.

French troops occupied Rome to protect the Pope.

In 1871, Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

The occupation of Rome by Italian forces resulted in the Pope losing his political authority.

A Swiss businessman who, witnessing the suffering of Solferino battlefield casualties, initiated the Red Cross.

The site of a significant battle in 1859 where thousands of soldiers were left unassisted following a bloody conflict.

A visual symbol, originally the reversed Swiss flag, representing neutrality and humanitarian aid during conflict.

A global organization providing humanitarian aid to those in need, neutral and politically independent.

Individuals who provide their time and effort to the Red Cross as part of their volunteer commitment.

An international agreement aiming to protect those involved/impacted by conflicts and situations like war, disasters, epidemics.

Organizations that aim to provide help and benefits to people in need, without aiming to earn a profit.

Unpaid work individuals dedicate to their community.

The unification of German states through the creation of the Zollverein, which established uniform tariffs, currency, and measurements.

The Zollverein's significance lies in the fact that it was a crucial step toward German political unity; it provided a common economic platform prior to political unification

A conflict that arose due to Prussia's military expansion and Austria's concerns. It resulted in Austria's defeat and the dissolution of the German Confederation.

Following its victory against Austria, Prussia formed a federation of northern German states under its leadership.

A war between France and Prussia that occurred due to French concerns over Prussia's growing power. Prussian victory resulted in the unification of the remaining German states.

The formal establishment of a unified Germany in 1871, with King Wilhelm I of Prussia becoming its Emperor

Italy wasn't fully unified in 1861 due to the persistence of regions like Venice and Rome that remained under foreign control despite unification efforts.

Regions like Trentino, Trieste, Görz, and Istria, were still under foreign control in 1861. Italian unification was incomplete as these regions were not yet included.