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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the language acquisition device (LAD) according to Chomsky's nativism?

  • To provide a structured environment for learning
  • To promote social interactions with caregivers
  • To facilitate the innate capacity for language learning (correct)
  • To reinforce behaviors observed in adults
  • How does child-directed speech, often referred to as parentese, assist in language development?

  • It promotes independent speech without adult interaction.
  • It introduces complex sentence structures.
  • It emphasizes adult vocabulary and narratives.
  • It simplifies vocabulary and exaggerates sounds. (correct)
  • Which of the following describes an adult reading style that encourages children to analyze and interpret stories?

  • Describer
  • Performance-oriented
  • Comprehender (correct)
  • Listener-focused
  • What is the function of dialogic reading in early language development?

    <p>To encourage children to become the storytellers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as an influence on early language development?

    <p>Genetic predisposition for speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do babies typically begin cooing, producing sounds like 'ahhhh'?

    <p>6–8 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the simple syllables that carry complete meanings, often used by toddlers?

    <p>Holophrase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental stage involves a 'naming explosion' in language acquisition?

    <p>16–24 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the phenomenon where a child uses the word 'doggy' only to refer to their own pet?

    <p>Underextension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gesture involves social conventions, such as waving goodbye?

    <p>Conventional social (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What speech pattern is characterized by the use of 2–3 words expressing a single idea, such as 'No do'?

    <p>Telegraphic speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age range do babies start recognizing phonemes, the basic sounds of their native language?

    <p>6–10 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common speech error where a child incorrectly applies rules, saying 'I thinked' instead of 'I thought'?

    <p>Overregularizing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is infantile amnesia?

    <p>The inability to remember events prior to age 3 years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach involves measuring characteristics of cognitive development through the use of IQ tests?

    <p>Psychometric Approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of imitation occurs when a baby imitates an action after a delay?

    <p>Deferred imitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which age does Piaget's sensorimotor stage first allow for curiosity and experimentation?

    <p>12-18 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of early intervention programs for cognitive development?

    <p>Starting early and continuing through preschool. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes object permanence in infants?

    <p>The realization that an object exists even when out of sight. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of learning mentioned in the content that is related to reinforcement?

    <p>Classical conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cognitive development, what do Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development measure?

    <p>Current developmental achievements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social interaction with adults influence cognitive competence in infants and toddlers?

    <p>It promotes the development of cognitive skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage involves the repetition of pleasurable chance behaviors?

    <p>Primary Circular Reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is primarily developed around 19 months of age, indicated by the ability to understand the nature of pictures?

    <p>Pictorial competence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach emphasizes learning through interactions with caregivers?

    <p>Social contextual approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is characterized by conscious or intentional recall, including facts and events?

    <p>Explicit memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to understand causality, realizing that one event can cause another?

    <p>6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dual representation hypothesis indicate about the development of pictorial competence in children?

    <p>It is challenging because children must represent a picture and its object simultaneously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes perceptual categorization?

    <p>Grouping objects based on their appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of visual preferences, what is novelty preference?

    <p>Paying more attention to new visual stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cross-modal transfer involve?

    <p>Using one sense to guide another sense (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of categorization is based on the inherent characteristics and functions of objects?

    <p>Conceptual categorization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of the dynamic systems theory concerning object permanence?

    <p>It emphasizes observable actions rather than knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Classical Conditioning

    Learning through association; a stimulus that elicits a response comes to trigger a similar response when paired with a neutral stimulus.

    Operant Conditioning

    Learning through consequences. Behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened, while behaviors followed by punishment are weakened.

    Infant Memory

    Infants can remember events from earlier in their lives, although they may not remember the specifics of them in detail like older children or adults.

    Infantile Amnesia

    The inability to remember events occurring before approximately age 3.

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    Psychometric Approach

    Study of intelligence, using tools like IQ tests for measuring cognitive abilities.

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    Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

    Developmental tests measuring current infant development, NOT future potential.

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    HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment)

    Method to evaluate the home environment's impact on child development.

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    Early Intervention

    Programs to help infants and toddlers with developmental delays through structured educational experiences.

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    Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

    First stage of cognitive development in children, focusing on learning through senses and actions.

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    Object Permanence

    Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

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    Circular Reactions (Piaget)

    Repetitive actions performed by infants, leading to learning about their own actions and the world around them through trial and error.

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    Object Permanence

    Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

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    Language Development

    A communication system involving words, grammar, and cognitive growth.

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    Literacy

    The ability to read and write.

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    Representational Thinking

    The ability to mentally represent objects and events.

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    Pictorial Competence

    Understanding that pictures represent objects or events.

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    Cooing

    Repeating vowel sounds, like 'ahhhh'.

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    Dual Representation Hypothesis

    Difficulty simultaneously representing both a picture and the object it represents mentally.

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    Babbling

    Repeating consonant-vowel combinations, like 'ma-ma-ma'.

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    Sensorimotor Stage

    Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, focused on sensory experiences and motor actions.

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    Phonemes

    Basic sounds of a language.

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    Visual Preferences

    Babies show a preference for new visual stimuli, indicating visual recognition memory.

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    First Words

    Verbal expressions conveying meaning, occurring around 10-14 months.

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    Holophrase

    Simple syllables (one) with complete meaning.

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    Cross-Modal Transfer

    Using one sense to guide another.

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    Telegraphic Speech

    Two to three words expressing one idea, like 'No do' (Do not do that).

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    Categorization (Perceptual)

    Grouping objects based on how they look.

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    Underextension

    Using a word too narrowly. (e.g., 'doggy' only for one specific dog).

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    Categorization (Conceptual)

    Grouping objects based on their function or characteristics.

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    Causality

    Understanding that one event can cause another.

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    Overextension

    Using a word too broadly. (e.g., 'Grampa' for all men with gray hair).

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    Overregulation

    Applying grammatical rules inconsistently (e.g., 'I thinked').

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    Explicit Memory

    Conscious recall of facts and information.

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    Implicit Memory

    Unconscious recall of habits and skills.

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    Working Memory

    Short-term storage of information being actively used.

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    Number Sense

    Ability to understand numerical relationships.

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    Social Contextual Approach

    Children learn from interactions with adults.

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    Behaviorist Language View

    Language development is learned through reinforcement and imitation.

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    Chomsky's Nativist Theory

    We are born with the ability to learn language, using an internal 'language acquisition device'.

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    Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

    A hypothetical part of the brain that enables a child to learn and process language.

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    Influences on Early Language

    Brain maturation, social interactions, and caregivers' interactions all play important roles.

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    Prelinguistic Period

    Early stage of language development before babies speak words, often involving repeating sounds.

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    Vocabulary Development

    Babies learn words through repeated exposure and connection to objects.

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    Bilingual Language

    Children learning two languages often mix aspects of both in their speech.

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    Child-Directed Speech

    Parents using simplified language, exaggerated tone, and a special intonation to aid language learning.

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    Parentese

    Baby talk, a simplified form of language parents use with their babies.

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    Dialogic Reading

    A shared reading activity between adult and child where the child is encouraged to actively participate by asking or answering questions.

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    Adult Reading Styles

    Different approaches to reading with children, such as Describer, Comprehender, and Performance-oriented styles.

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