Untitled Quiz

Guinea Pig

• Utilized in immunology for delayed hypersensitivity studies with antigens like egg albumin and horse serum.
• Effective for local anesthetic studies and bioassay of digitalis; sensitive cochlea aids in hearing experiments and oxygen consumption studies.
• Requires exogenous vitamin C, making it a model for studying vitamin C metabolism.
• Serves as an appropriate host for Mycobacterium in tuberculosis research.
• Isolated organ preparations, such as lungs and intestines, contributed to early drug discoveries for stomach ulcers and beta-blockers.
• Terminal ileum is highly sensitive for assessing spasmodic and antispasmodic compounds, histamine detection and assay.

Mouse (Mus musculus)

• Albino mice are the smallest laboratory animals, bred uniformly for experiments.
• Commonly used in acute toxicity studies and in testing insulin, analgesics, and chemotherapeutic agents.
• Particularly significant in genetics, cancer research, and teratogenicity testing.
• Nude mice, lacking a thymus gland, are valuable for studying tissue immunity and transplantation.

Rabbits

• Primarily employed in pyrogen testing of intravenous fluids and studies of miotics and mydriatics.
• Used in research involving insulin, antidiabetic drugs, muscle relaxants like curare, and sex hormones.
• Isolated tissues from the heart, jejunum, and ileum are routinely used for drug testing.

Hamster

• Widely utilized in research fields including oncology, immunology, physiology, and particularly IVF (In-Vitro Fertilization) research.

Refinement

• Involves modifications of procedures to minimize pain and trauma in animal testing, emphasizing suitable and effective equipment.

Rehabilitation

• Focuses on treatments facilitating recovery from injury or illness, aiming to return animals to normal conditions.

Clinical Research

• Connects preclinical research with human studies; emphasizes the need for understanding drug interactions with the human body.
• Involves Investigational New Drug (IND) Process, which includes submitting an IND application to the FDA before clinical trials.

Designing Clinical Trials

• Clinical trials are designed around specific research questions; protocols outline the study plan.
• Researchers analyze previous data to establish research objectives and questions prior to trial initiation.

Investigational New Drug Process

• Sponsors must submit an IND application containing animal study data, manufacturing information, clinical protocols, and prior human research data.

Clinical Research Phase Studies

• Phase 1: Involves 20 to 100 healthy volunteers focusing on safety and dosage.
• Phase 3: Trials with several thousand participants assess safety and efficacy.
• Phase 4: Conducted post-marketing to monitor safety.

FDA Drug Review

• Applications to market drugs require the submission of comprehensive safety and effectiveness data.
• Review team evaluates the application's completeness and conducts inspections at clinical study sites.

New Drug Application (NDA)

• An NDA presents the comprehensive data supporting a drug’s safety and efficacy, including clinical results and required labeling.

Anesthesia

• Anesthesia: Loss of response to pain; includes analgesia for non-pain relief.
• General anesthesia induces controlled unconsciousness during surgery.

Inhaled Anesthetics

• Nitrous Oxide: First general anesthetic; no metabolism but abuse potential.
• Chlorofluorocarbons: Can cause respiratory irritation; lower irritation risks with Sevoflurane.

Intravenous Anesthetics

• Includes medications like Propofol, barbiturates (Thiopental, Methohexital), and Ketamine, among others.

Patient Preparation for Induction

• Techniques to calm and sedate patients involve Midazolam, Dexmedetomidine, and Atropine.

Stages of Anesthesia

• Stage 1: Induction to loss of consciousness; includes analgesia and euphoria.
• Stage 2: Hyperexcitable phase where the body temporarily loses normal autonomic control.
• Stage 3: Desired state of unconsciousness, stable autonomics, and minimal eye movement.

Fruit Flies in Research

• Utilized for genetic studies; recognized for contributions to understanding development and diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
• Essential in drug development for treating pathogens causing a variety of infections.

Tunicates (Sea Squirts)

• Invertebrate chordates with biologically active compounds; potential applications in cancer treatment with drugs like Trabectedin (Yondelis).

Starfish

• Source of bioactive compounds with applications in cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial therapies; used in traditional medicine for digestive health.