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Questions and Answers
Which of the following actions is associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following actions is associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?
What characterizes the thick filaments in muscle fibers?
What characterizes the thick filaments in muscle fibers?
Which event occurs during muscle contraction?
Which event occurs during muscle contraction?
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In the muscle fiber, what is primarily responsible for carrying nerve impulses from the brain?
In the muscle fiber, what is primarily responsible for carrying nerve impulses from the brain?
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Which option is a function of the parasympathetic division?
Which option is a function of the parasympathetic division?
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What structural unit is responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?
What structural unit is responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?
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What occurs at the motor end plate during muscle contraction?
What occurs at the motor end plate during muscle contraction?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which statement best describes the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement best describes the autonomic nervous system?
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What is a key difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
What is a key difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
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Which of the following is primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What physiological response is primarily induced by sympathetic stimulation?
What physiological response is primarily induced by sympathetic stimulation?
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Which of the following components is a part of the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following components is a part of the peripheral nervous system?
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In the context of the autonomic nervous system, which of the following accurately depicts the role of acetylcholine?
In the context of the autonomic nervous system, which of the following accurately depicts the role of acetylcholine?
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What initiates the muscle contraction process after the action potential is generated in the muscle fiber?
What initiates the muscle contraction process after the action potential is generated in the muscle fiber?
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Which of the following accurately describes a primary difference between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Which of the following accurately describes a primary difference between the nervous and endocrine systems?
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In neuroendocrine regulation, what role does the adrenal gland primarily play?
In neuroendocrine regulation, what role does the adrenal gland primarily play?
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Which statement correctly describes the effect of signals produced by the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?
Which statement correctly describes the effect of signals produced by the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?
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What is described as a situation where both the nervous and endocrine systems interact for a physiological response?
What is described as a situation where both the nervous and endocrine systems interact for a physiological response?
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Which components make up the effector tissues for the endocrine system?
Which components make up the effector tissues for the endocrine system?
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What term is used to describe stimuli that trigger a stress response in the body?
What term is used to describe stimuli that trigger a stress response in the body?
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Which function does the sarcolemma serve in muscle fibers?
Which function does the sarcolemma serve in muscle fibers?
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Study Notes
Efferent Pathways
- Nervous system information flow: Information entering or leaving the central nervous system travels along nerves comprising the peripheral nervous system.
- Afferent vs. Efferent: Nerves carrying information to the brain/spinal cord are afferent. Nerves carrying information from the central nervous system to effector organs are efferent.
- Cranial and Spinal Nerves: Nerves originating from the brain or spinal cord, respectively, contain both afferent and efferent fibers.
- Efferent Pathway Subdivision: Efferent pathways are categorized based on the target: somatic nervous system for skeletal muscles; autonomic nervous system for smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): This system regulates organ function in response to environmental changes using antagonistic mechanisms (sympathetic and parasympathetic). It operates independently of conscious control.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- General Function: The ANS regulates organ function in response to environmental changes.
- Sympathetic Nervous System: ("Fight or Flight") Increases physiological activity during stress. Effects include increased blood pressure, heart rate, pupil dilation, respiration, and piloerection. Uses adrenaline and noradrenaline as neurotransmitters (adrenergic).
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Coordinates normal body functions during rest. Effects include decreased breathing and heart rate, stimulation of digestive system, urination and defecation. Uses acetylcholine as neurotransmitter (cholinergic).
Neuromuscular Junction
- Muscle Structure: Skeletal muscle is composed of muscle fibers (cells) containing myofibrils (protein filaments). These filaments are arranged in sarcomeres, the basic contracting units.
- Muscle Contraction: Muscle contraction involves sliding filaments of actin over myosin, shortening the sarcomere.
- Neuromuscular Junction Function: Nerves control skeletal muscle contraction via neuro-muscular junctions. Motor neuron action potentials release acetylcholine which triggers an action potential in the muscle fiber.
- Calcium Release: Muscle action potential causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Contraction Mechanism: Calcium initiates the myosin-actin interaction resulting in muscle contraction.
- Relaxation: Calcium is removed and the muscle relaxes.
Neuroendocrine Regulation
- Nervous and Endocrine Systems: The nervous system regulates quickly, via nerve impulses, while the endocrine system uses hormones and takes longer.
- Neuroendocrine Regulation: In many cases they work together to coordinate a response to stressors (e.g., stress response).
- Stress response: The nervous system initially responds to stressors, while the endocrine system provides a longer-lasting response by activating hormones.
- Examples: Adrenal hormones (adrenaline/noradrenaline and cortisol) released by the endocrine system help sustain the faster response from the nervous system.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of efferent pathways in the nervous system, including the differences between afferent and efferent nerves. It delves into cranial and spinal nerves, as well as the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating bodily functions. Test your knowledge on how these pathways affect communication between the central nervous system and the body.
