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Questions and Answers
The Todaro migration model explains rural urban migration as an ______ rational process.
The Todaro migration model explains rural urban migration as an ______ rational process.
economically
The Harris-Todaro migration model is an ______ version of the Todaro migration model.
The Harris-Todaro migration model is an ______ version of the Todaro migration model.
equilibrium
According to the Todaro migration model, migrants calculate the ______ value of urban expected income.
According to the Todaro migration model, migrants calculate the ______ value of urban expected income.
present
The Harris-Todaro migration model predicts that expected ______ will be equated across rural and urban sectors.
The Harris-Todaro migration model predicts that expected ______ will be equated across rural and urban sectors.
The Todaro migration model focuses on the role of ______ incentives in the decision of workers to migrate.
The Todaro migration model focuses on the role of ______ incentives in the decision of workers to migrate.
One of the assumptions of the Todaro migration model is that there is visible ______ in the urban area but not in rural area.
One of the assumptions of the Todaro migration model is that there is visible ______ in the urban area but not in rural area.
Today’s poorest countries are far more ______ than today’s developed countries were when they were at a comparable level of development.
Today’s poorest countries are far more ______ than today’s developed countries were when they were at a comparable level of development.
Internal migration disproportionately increases the growth rate of urban ______ seekers relative to urban population growth.
Internal migration disproportionately increases the growth rate of urban ______ seekers relative to urban population growth.
The ______ rate increases whenever urban population growth exceeds rural population growth.
The ______ rate increases whenever urban population growth exceeds rural population growth.
The presence of well-educated young people in the migrant system tends to ______ the urban labor supply.
The presence of well-educated young people in the migrant system tends to ______ the urban labor supply.
Urban job creation is generally more difficult and costly to accomplish than ______ job creation.
Urban job creation is generally more difficult and costly to accomplish than ______ job creation.
Rural-to-urban migration is occurring so rapidly in Asia that total rural population will fall by hundreds of millions of people by ______.
Rural-to-urban migration is occurring so rapidly in Asia that total rural population will fall by hundreds of millions of people by ______.
The notion that most governments in developing countries favor the ______ sector in their development policies, thereby creating a widening gap between the urban and rural economies.
The notion that most governments in developing countries favor the ______ sector in their development policies, thereby creating a widening gap between the urban and rural economies.
The pressures of rising urban wages and compulsory employee fringe benefits in combination with the unavailability of appropriate ______ production technologies lead to increases in labor productivity.
The pressures of rising urban wages and compulsory employee fringe benefits in combination with the unavailability of appropriate ______ production technologies lead to increases in labor productivity.
The movement of people from rural villages, towns, and farms to ______ centers (cities) in search of jobs.
The movement of people from rural villages, towns, and farms to ______ centers (cities) in search of jobs.
The rapid supply increase and lagging demand growth tend to convert a short-run problem of resource ______ into a long-run situation of chronic urban surplus labor.
The rapid supply increase and lagging demand growth tend to convert a short-run problem of resource ______ into a long-run situation of chronic urban surplus labor.
Colonial-era building codes in Nairobi, Kenya, made it impossible to build an “official” house for less than ______.
Colonial-era building codes in Nairobi, Kenya, made it impossible to build an “official” house for less than ______.
All economic policies have direct and indirect effects on the level and growth of urban or rural ______ or both.
All economic policies have direct and indirect effects on the level and growth of urban or rural ______ or both.
The law has also required every dwelling to be accessible by ______.
The law has also required every dwelling to be accessible by ______.
Economic policies will tend to influence the nature and magnitude of the ______ stream.
Economic policies will tend to influence the nature and magnitude of the ______ stream.
Migration worsens rural-urban structural ______ in two direct ways.
Migration worsens rural-urban structural ______ in two direct ways.
As a result, two-thirds of Nairobi’s land has been occupied by ______ of the population, while many slum dwellings cannot legally be improved.
As a result, two-thirds of Nairobi’s land has been occupied by ______ of the population, while many slum dwellings cannot legally be improved.
At least 1 billion people (⅓ of the urban population) live in urban ______ settlements in all developing countries.
At least 1 billion people (⅓ of the urban population) live in urban ______ settlements in all developing countries.
There are slums because the government consciously makes the lives of new migrants miserable to deter them from migrating to ______.
There are slums because the government consciously makes the lives of new migrants miserable to deter them from migrating to ______.
In Manila, Philippines, a large majority of the population has historically been too poor to be able to buy or rent an officially “legal” ______.
In Manila, Philippines, a large majority of the population has historically been too poor to be able to buy or rent an officially “legal” ______.
A critical issue that needs to be addressed is the extent to which national governments can formulate ______ policies that can have a definite impact on trends in and the character of urban growth.
A critical issue that needs to be addressed is the extent to which national governments can formulate ______ policies that can have a definite impact on trends in and the character of urban growth.
The level of ______ in the Philippines reached 51.2 percent.
The level of ______ in the Philippines reached 51.2 percent.
There were 7,437 barangays classified as ______ and 34,599 as rural.
There were 7,437 barangays classified as ______ and 34,599 as rural.
Five regions surpass the national level of ______.
Five regions surpass the national level of ______.
The emphasis on industrial ______, technological sophistication, and metropolitan growth created a substantial geographic imbalance in economic opportunities.
The emphasis on industrial ______, technological sophistication, and metropolitan growth created a substantial geographic imbalance in economic opportunities.
The City of Davao registers the biggest ______ population among the HUCs outside the NCR
The City of Davao registers the biggest ______ population among the HUCs outside the NCR
Region IV-A - CALABARZON has the highest level of ______ with 70.5%
Region IV-A - CALABARZON has the highest level of ______ with 70.5%
Agglomeration economies refer to ______ advantages to producers and consumers from the location in cities and towns
Agglomeration economies refer to ______ advantages to producers and consumers from the location in cities and towns
The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or BARMM has a ______ level of urbanization of 27.6%
The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or BARMM has a ______ level of urbanization of 27.6%
The City of Cebu has an ______ population of 908,195 and a level of urbanization of 94.2 percent
The City of Cebu has an ______ population of 908,195 and a level of urbanization of 94.2 percent
Cities are formed because they provide ______ advantages to producers and consumers
Cities are formed because they provide ______ advantages to producers and consumers
Region VIII - Eastern Visayas has a ______ level of urbanization of 14.7%
Region VIII - Eastern Visayas has a ______ level of urbanization of 14.7%
Urbanization economies and localization economies are two forms of ______ economies
Urbanization economies and localization economies are two forms of ______ economies
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Study Notes
Migration and Urbanization
- Migration worsens rural-urban structural imbalances in two direct ways:
- Supply side: internal migration increases urban job seekers relative to urban population growth, depleting rural areas of valuable human capital
- Demand side: urban job creation is more difficult and costly than rural job creation, leading to chronic urban surplus labor
- The Harris-Todaro migration model explains rural-urban migration as an economically rational process despite high urban unemployment and underemployment
- Migrants calculate the present value of urban expected income and move if it exceeds average rural income
Urbanization Trends
- Urbanization rate increases when urban population growth exceeds rural population growth
- Rural-to-urban migration is occurring rapidly in Asia, with total rural population expected to fall by hundreds of millions by 2050
- Urbanization is not solely driven by income; other factors are at play
Urban Bias and Rural-Urban Migration
- Urban bias refers to governments favoring the urban sector in development policies, widening the gap between urban and rural economies
- Rural-urban migration is responsible for the explosion of urban shantytowns, partly due to misguided urban-planning policies and outmoded building codes
Urban Slums and Government Policies
- At least 1 billion people live in urban slum settlements in developing countries
- Governments often create conditions that make it difficult for new migrants to settle in cities, leading to the proliferation of slums
- Examples: Nairobi, Kenya, and Manila, Philippines, where colonial-era building codes and restrictive laws have contributed to the growth of slums
Level of Urbanization in the Philippines
- In 2015, the level of urbanization in the Philippines was 51.2%, with 51.73 million people residing in urban areas
- Five regions surpassed the national level of urbanization: Region IV-A - CALABARZON, Region XI - Davao, Region III - Central Luzon, Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN, and the National Capital Region (NCR)
Urban Population in the Philippines
- The City of Davao registers the biggest urban population among the Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) outside the NCR, with 1.63 million urban residents
- Other HUCs with significant urban populations include the City of Cebu and the City of Zamboanga
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