Effects of Leading Questions on Eyewitness Testimony

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Which type of rehearsal is suggested to transfer information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM)?

Maintenance rehearsal

Elaborative rehearsal (correct)

Visual rehearsal

Prolonged rehearsal

Why does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) acknowledge qualitative differences between STM and LTM?

Both have a short duration

STM is encoded acoustically, LTM is encoded semantically (correct)

Both are encoded visually

STM has a longer duration than LTM

Which pair of memory types are represented in the 3 types of long-term memory discussed in the text?

Semantic and episodic memory (correct)

Semantic and maintenance memory

Procedural and working memory

Short-term and procedural memory

Which researcher's findings suggest that there may be multiple types of short-term memory?

Shallice and Warrington Signup and view all the answers

Semantic memories in long-term memory refer to:

Knowledge of facts and concepts about the world Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes episodic memory from semantic memory in long-term memory?

Episodic memory involves personal experiences, while semantic memory involves facts. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bahrick et al (1975), what happened to photo recognition of graduating classmates between 15 years and 46 years after graduating?

Decreased from 90% to 70% Signup and view all the answers

What was a key issue with historical psychological research, particularly concerning Jacobs, as mentioned in the text?

Lack of standardization and appreciation of scientific methods Signup and view all the answers

What is a particular strength of Bahrick et al's 1975 study mentioned in the text?

Use of meaningful stimuli and high mundane realism Signup and view all the answers

In Petersen et al's (1959) study, what effect did increasing retention intervals have on the recall of consonant syllables?

Decreased accuracy of recall Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Short-Term Memory (STM) from Long-Term Memory (LTM) based on the text?

STM has a limited duration while LTM is unlimited Signup and view all the answers

Which methodological aspect contributes to the high ecological validity of Bahrick et al's 1975 study?

Use of stimuli reflecting real-life learning situations Signup and view all the answers

What effect did participants in the high-anxiety condition experience when asked to identify the man?

16% lower rates of accurate recall Signup and view all the answers

How can the lower rates of accurate recall in the high-anxiety condition be explained?

Tunnel theory of memory and weapon focus effect Signup and view all the answers

What did Yuille and Cutshall's research findings suggest about eyewitness accuracy after a real-life shooting?

Higher accuracy of recall for eyewitnesses with high anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason cited for the small discrepancies in estimates of height, weight, and clothing in eyewitness accounts?

Heightened anxiety focusing attention on external cues Signup and view all the answers

How does the Yerkes-Dodson Law describe the relationship between arousal and performance in this context?

'Inverted-U' relationship Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage does heightened anxiety, according to the text, provide through the 'fight or flight' response?

Increased chances of escaping and survival Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of knowing when to make eye contact and when to diminish it during an interview?

Enhancing rapport with the eyewitness Signup and view all the answers

Why may some police forces be unimpressed with the Cognitive Interview (CI) according to the text?

It is too time-consuming and requires specialist skills Signup and view all the answers

What did Kohnken et al (1999) find regarding the recall of incorrect information using the Cognitive Interview?

It increases by 61% Signup and view all the answers

According to Milne and Bull (2002), which combination of steps in the Cognitive Interview produced the greatest accuracy of recall of correct information?

Context reinstatement and report everything Signup and view all the answers

What may be a reason why some forces find the Cognitive Interview impractical?

It is too time-consuming and requires specialist skills Signup and view all the answers

How can using specific techniques in the Cognitive Interview impact eyewitness testimonies according to the text?

Enhances the accuracy of recall of correct information Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Loftus and Palmer's study on leading questions?

Participants exposed to the verb 'smashed' gave higher speed estimates than those exposed to 'contacted'. Signup and view all the answers

How did Loftus and Palmer explain the effects of leading questions?

Through the concept of response bias. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference in the responses of participants who heard 'smashed' versus 'contacted' according to Loftus and Palmer's study?

Those who heard 'smashed' reported seeing broken glass despite its absence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested influence of media and TV reports on post-event discussions between co-witnesses?

They distort the recollection of the actual crime events. Signup and view all the answers

What explanation did Loftus and Palmer's study support regarding leading questions?

Substitution explanation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the effects of response bias from the substitution explanation in Loftus and Palmer's study?

'Response bias' implies minimal effect on responses, while 'substitution explanation' implies a direct change in memory content. Signup and view all the answers