30 Questions
Which type of rehearsal is suggested to transfer information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM)?
Elaborative rehearsal
Why does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) acknowledge qualitative differences between STM and LTM?
STM is encoded acoustically, LTM is encoded semantically
Which pair of memory types are represented in the 3 types of long-term memory discussed in the text?
Semantic and episodic memory
Which researcher's findings suggest that there may be multiple types of short-term memory?
Shallice and Warrington
Semantic memories in long-term memory refer to:
Knowledge of facts and concepts about the world
What distinguishes episodic memory from semantic memory in long-term memory?
Episodic memory involves personal experiences, while semantic memory involves facts.
According to Bahrick et al (1975), what happened to photo recognition of graduating classmates between 15 years and 46 years after graduating?
Decreased from 90% to 70%
What was a key issue with historical psychological research, particularly concerning Jacobs, as mentioned in the text?
Lack of standardization and appreciation of scientific methods
What is a particular strength of Bahrick et al's 1975 study mentioned in the text?
Use of meaningful stimuli and high mundane realism
In Petersen et al's (1959) study, what effect did increasing retention intervals have on the recall of consonant syllables?
Decreased accuracy of recall
What distinguishes Short-Term Memory (STM) from Long-Term Memory (LTM) based on the text?
STM has a limited duration while LTM is unlimited
Which methodological aspect contributes to the high ecological validity of Bahrick et al's 1975 study?
Use of stimuli reflecting real-life learning situations
What effect did participants in the high-anxiety condition experience when asked to identify the man?
16% lower rates of accurate recall
How can the lower rates of accurate recall in the high-anxiety condition be explained?
Tunnel theory of memory and weapon focus effect
What did Yuille and Cutshall's research findings suggest about eyewitness accuracy after a real-life shooting?
Higher accuracy of recall for eyewitnesses with high anxiety
What was the main reason cited for the small discrepancies in estimates of height, weight, and clothing in eyewitness accounts?
Heightened anxiety focusing attention on external cues
How does the Yerkes-Dodson Law describe the relationship between arousal and performance in this context?
'Inverted-U' relationship
What evolutionary advantage does heightened anxiety, according to the text, provide through the 'fight or flight' response?
Increased chances of escaping and survival
What is one benefit of knowing when to make eye contact and when to diminish it during an interview?
Enhancing rapport with the eyewitness
Why may some police forces be unimpressed with the Cognitive Interview (CI) according to the text?
It is too time-consuming and requires specialist skills
What did Kohnken et al (1999) find regarding the recall of incorrect information using the Cognitive Interview?
It increases by 61%
According to Milne and Bull (2002), which combination of steps in the Cognitive Interview produced the greatest accuracy of recall of correct information?
Context reinstatement and report everything
What may be a reason why some forces find the Cognitive Interview impractical?
It is too time-consuming and requires specialist skills
How can using specific techniques in the Cognitive Interview impact eyewitness testimonies according to the text?
Enhances the accuracy of recall of correct information
What was the main finding of Loftus and Palmer's study on leading questions?
Participants exposed to the verb 'smashed' gave higher speed estimates than those exposed to 'contacted'.
How did Loftus and Palmer explain the effects of leading questions?
Through the concept of response bias.
What was a key difference in the responses of participants who heard 'smashed' versus 'contacted' according to Loftus and Palmer's study?
Those who heard 'smashed' reported seeing broken glass despite its absence.
What is the suggested influence of media and TV reports on post-event discussions between co-witnesses?
They distort the recollection of the actual crime events.
What explanation did Loftus and Palmer's study support regarding leading questions?
Substitution explanation.
What distinguishes the effects of response bias from the substitution explanation in Loftus and Palmer's study?
'Response bias' implies minimal effect on responses, while 'substitution explanation' implies a direct change in memory content.
Explore the research conducted by Loftus and Palmer (1974) on how leading questions can impact the accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony (EWT). Understand how the use of different critical verbs like 'smashed' and 'contacted' influenced participants' speed estimates in a car crash scenario.
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