Effects of Leading Questions on Eyewitness Testimony
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Questions and Answers

Which type of rehearsal is suggested to transfer information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM)?

  • Maintenance rehearsal
  • Elaborative rehearsal (correct)
  • Visual rehearsal
  • Prolonged rehearsal

Why does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) acknowledge qualitative differences between STM and LTM?

  • Both have a short duration
  • STM is encoded acoustically, LTM is encoded semantically (correct)
  • Both are encoded visually
  • STM has a longer duration than LTM

Which pair of memory types are represented in the 3 types of long-term memory discussed in the text?

  • Semantic and episodic memory (correct)
  • Semantic and maintenance memory
  • Procedural and working memory
  • Short-term and procedural memory

Which researcher's findings suggest that there may be multiple types of short-term memory?

<p>Shallice and Warrington (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semantic memories in long-term memory refer to:

<p>Knowledge of facts and concepts about the world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes episodic memory from semantic memory in long-term memory?

<p>Episodic memory involves personal experiences, while semantic memory involves facts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bahrick et al (1975), what happened to photo recognition of graduating classmates between 15 years and 46 years after graduating?

<p>Decreased from 90% to 70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key issue with historical psychological research, particularly concerning Jacobs, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Lack of standardization and appreciation of scientific methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a particular strength of Bahrick et al's 1975 study mentioned in the text?

<p>Use of meaningful stimuli and high mundane realism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Petersen et al's (1959) study, what effect did increasing retention intervals have on the recall of consonant syllables?

<p>Decreased accuracy of recall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Short-Term Memory (STM) from Long-Term Memory (LTM) based on the text?

<p>STM has a limited duration while LTM is unlimited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methodological aspect contributes to the high ecological validity of Bahrick et al's 1975 study?

<p>Use of stimuli reflecting real-life learning situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did participants in the high-anxiety condition experience when asked to identify the man?

<p>16% lower rates of accurate recall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the lower rates of accurate recall in the high-anxiety condition be explained?

<p>Tunnel theory of memory and weapon focus effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Yuille and Cutshall's research findings suggest about eyewitness accuracy after a real-life shooting?

<p>Higher accuracy of recall for eyewitnesses with high anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason cited for the small discrepancies in estimates of height, weight, and clothing in eyewitness accounts?

<p>Heightened anxiety focusing attention on external cues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Yerkes-Dodson Law describe the relationship between arousal and performance in this context?

<p>'Inverted-U' relationship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage does heightened anxiety, according to the text, provide through the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Increased chances of escaping and survival (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of knowing when to make eye contact and when to diminish it during an interview?

<p>Enhancing rapport with the eyewitness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why may some police forces be unimpressed with the Cognitive Interview (CI) according to the text?

<p>It is too time-consuming and requires specialist skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Kohnken et al (1999) find regarding the recall of incorrect information using the Cognitive Interview?

<p>It increases by 61% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Milne and Bull (2002), which combination of steps in the Cognitive Interview produced the greatest accuracy of recall of correct information?

<p>Context reinstatement and report everything (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be a reason why some forces find the Cognitive Interview impractical?

<p>It is too time-consuming and requires specialist skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can using specific techniques in the Cognitive Interview impact eyewitness testimonies according to the text?

<p>Enhances the accuracy of recall of correct information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Loftus and Palmer's study on leading questions?

<p>Participants exposed to the verb 'smashed' gave higher speed estimates than those exposed to 'contacted'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Loftus and Palmer explain the effects of leading questions?

<p>Through the concept of response bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference in the responses of participants who heard 'smashed' versus 'contacted' according to Loftus and Palmer's study?

<p>Those who heard 'smashed' reported seeing broken glass despite its absence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested influence of media and TV reports on post-event discussions between co-witnesses?

<p>They distort the recollection of the actual crime events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What explanation did Loftus and Palmer's study support regarding leading questions?

<p>Substitution explanation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the effects of response bias from the substitution explanation in Loftus and Palmer's study?

<p>'Response bias' implies minimal effect on responses, while 'substitution explanation' implies a direct change in memory content. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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