Effects of Immobility on Different Body Systems Quiz

Musculoskeletal Group

• The musculoskeletal group consists of muscles, bones, joints, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments, providing stability and support for the body.
• Functions of the musculoskeletal group include movement, posture, and positioning, as well as generating body heat.

Nervous System

• The nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
• The PNS is made up of thousands of nerves that communicate with muscles and sensory receptors through chemical signals called neural transmitters.
• The nervous system, along with the musculoskeletal and skeletal systems, work together to maintain posture, alignment, and balance.

Movement and Posture

• Proper posture supports the spine, muscles, and joints, increasing strength, decreasing fatigue, and using less energy.
• The center of gravity is the central point of weight, and it shifts depending on the position of the body.
• Reaching, bending, and twisting can increase the risk of muscle strain and injury, especially when done in awkward positions.

Ergonomics

• Ergonomics is the study of body mechanics in relation to the demands and design of the work environment and equipment.
• Controls, loud noise, transfer lift cards, furniture, and whole body vibrations can be environmental hazards that affect the body.

Mobility

• Mobility is the ability to move about without restrictions, and it is essential for physical and psychological well-being.
• Prolonged immobility can lead to a decrease in muscle mass, bone density, and strength, as well as an increase in the risk of diseases.

Effects of Immobility

• Immobility can affect the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems.
• Immobility can lead to joint contracture, muscle atrophy, and changes in bone density.
• Prolonged immobility can also cause alterations in the cardiovascular system, including orthostatic hypotension, deep vein thrombosis, and cardiac conditioning.

Respiratory System

• Immobility can affect the respiratory system, leading to atelectasis, pneumonia, and decreased lung function.
• Supine positions can impair the ability of the rib cage to expand, leading to decreased lung function and increased risk of infection.

Gastrointestinal System

• Immobility can affect the gastrointestinal system, leading to gastroesophageal reflux, decreased appetite, and malnutrition.
• Constipation can occur due to a lack of physical activity, leading to hard, dry stool and difficulty passing stool.

Genitourinary System

• Immobility can affect the genitourinary system, leading to urinary retention, incontinence, and an increased risk of urinary tract infections.
• Supine positions can interfere with the mechanism of the bladder and kidneys, increasing the risk of incomplete emptying and urinary retention.

Integumentary System

• Immobility can affect the integumentary system, leading to skin breakdown, pressure ulcers, and an increased risk of infection.
• Prolonged pressure on the skin and tissues can lead to compression and skin breakdown.

Psychological Effects

• Immobility can lead to psychological effects, including decreased self-esteem, depression, and anxiety.
• Loss of mobility can lead to a loss of independence, affecting daily activities and hobbies.

Nursing Interventions

• Nurses can intervene to promote mobility, including activity tolerance, balance, and posture.

• Nurses can use assistive devices, such as canes, walkers, and pivot discs, to aid clients in ambulation.

• Nurses can also perform mobility assessments, including the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, to evaluate a client's mobility status.### Types of Incontinence

• Reflex incontinence: a sudden, uncontrollable need to urinate

• Overflow incontinence: a constant dribble of urine due to a full bladder

• Functional incontinence: a physical or mental impairment that prevents a person from reaching the toilet in time

• Nocturnal enuresis: bedwetting

• Urge incontinence: a strong, sudden need to urinate

• Passive incontinence: loss of urine without the person being aware of it

• Fecal incontinence: loss of bowel control

Urinary Retention

• Caused by medications, such as diuretics, antacids, and antidepressants
• Associated with urinary obstruction, frequent urinary catheterization, and diabetes
• Manifestation: inability to urinate, lower abdominal pain, and fever
• Intervention: medical attention, rehydration with IV fluids, and catheterization

Dehydration

• Caused by excessive vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or inadequate fluid intake
• Associated with fever, thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, and dark-colored urine
• Intervention: rehydration with IV fluids or oral replacement of lost fluids

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

• Caused by bacteria, more common in females
• Manifestation: burning or painful urination, frequent urination, and fever
• Intervention: medical attention, antibiotics, and fluids

Kidney Stones

• Formation of minerals in the kidneys
• Risk factors: cystic kidney disease, gout, hypercalciuria, and obesity
• Manifestation: sharp back pain, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine
• Intervention: medical attention, fluids, and pain medication

Kidney Failure

• Risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease, and family history
• Manifestation: fatigue, nausea, and decreased urine output
• Intervention: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplant

Prostate Enlargement

• A non-cancerous condition, more common in males
• Manifestation: urinary retention, frequent urination, and slow urinary stream
• Intervention: medical attention, catheterization, and surgery

Diverticulitis

• Formation of small pouches in the colon, leading to inflammation and infection
• Manifestation: abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits
• Intervention: medical attention, antibiotics, and fluids

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

• A chronic condition, characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits
• Manifestation: diarrhea, constipation, or mixed bowel habits
• Intervention: lifestyle changes, medication, and stress management

Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease

• Chronic conditions, characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the colon and small intestine
• Risk factors: family history, Jewish descent, and environmental factors
• Manifestation: diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss
• Intervention: medical attention, medication, and surgery

Bowel Diversions

• Fecal diversion: surgical creation of a stoma to allow passage of body waste
• Urinary diversion: surgical creation of a stoma to allow passage of urine
• Complications: skin irritation, infection, and electrolyte imbalance
• Ostomy care: specialized care to maintain skin integrity and prevent complications

Urinalysis

• Evaluation of urine for bladder infection, UTI, kidney disease, and diabetes
• Methods: clean catch, catheterization, and 24-hour urine collection
• Complications: UTI, kidney infection, and skin complications