Effects of Fe3+ and Nitroglycerin on the Body
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Questions and Answers

What happens when oxygen accepts single electrons in the human body?

  • It becomes a stable molecule that benefits the body.
  • It enhances the immune system.
  • It helps in the regeneration of cells.
  • It transforms into highly reactive oxygen radicals that damage cellular components. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a primary source of ROS in the cell?

  • Insulin production in the pancreas (correct)
  • Oxidases, oxygenases, and peroxidases
  • CoQ generating superoxide in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
  • Ionizing radiation

    • What is the result of the accidental interaction between CoQH* and O2 in the human body?

  • Generation of ATP
  • Formation of superoxide (correct)
  • Increased production of antioxidants
  • Detoxification reactions

    • What can increase the formation of toxic oxygen-containing compounds in the human body?

    <p>Exposure to UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a biradical?

    <p>Superoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process are reactive oxygen species (ROS) deliberately formed in the human body?

    <p>Inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of formation of free radicals during phagocytosis?

    <p>Damage in surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NADPH Oxidase in the context of bacteria?

    <p>Transfers electrons from NADPH to O2 to form superoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Myeloperoxidase and Hypochlorous Acid affect bacteria?

    <p>Causes ETC damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when phagocytic cells move into the ischemic area during a stroke or myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Removal of dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would John's heart be affected after having a myocardial infarction (MI), based on the provided text?

    <p>Energy depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of over 100 disease states described in the text?

    <p>Lipid peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Fe3+ at low concentrations?

    <p>Acting as a neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a disease associated with free radical injury in the text?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when nitroglycerin decomposes in the blood?

    <p>Forms additional reactive and toxic species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do RNOS play in free radical-mediated cellular injury?

    <p>Initiating lipid peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are RNOS involved in?

    <p>Neurodegenerative diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major destructive sites of attack by nitric oxide when combined with Fe-containing compounds?

    <p>Hemoglobin and ETC cytochromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biomarker is mentioned in the text as an indicator of free radical damage?

    <p>Malondialdehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amino acids are susceptible to hydroxyl-damage attack according to the text?

    <p>Proline, Histidine, Arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high concentrations, what can NO combine with to form additional reactive and toxic species?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct toxic effect of NO when it combines with Fe-containing compounds?

    <p>Damage to respiratory function in cells already damaged by OxPhos diseases or ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does protein damage manifest in many diseases associated with aging?

    <p>Proteins may cross-link with other residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the electron transport chain (ETC) components during ischemia?

    <p>They become saturated with electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased formation of superoxides after oxygen reintroduction (reperfusion)?

    <p>Increased formation of hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for transferring electrons from glutathione (GSH) to hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>Glutathione Peroxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the area affected by ischemia-reperfusion injury?

    <p>Produce NO and clean up cell debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antioxidant is known as a lipid-soluble antioxidant?

    <p>Carotenoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound, synthesized endogenously for other functions, also functions as an antioxidant?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

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