Effective Study Techniques

The regions around the nucleus of an atom where electrons reside.

The maximum number of electrons that can be held in an electron shell.

Electrons fill the lower energy shells first, then move to higher shells.

The first electron shell can hold up to 2 electrons.

The second electron shell can hold up to 8 electrons.

The electron arrangement of an atom describes the number of electrons in each electron shell.

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and also the number of electrons in its neutral atom.

A neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons.

This assessment outcome tests your knowledge of scientific facts, definitions, and formulas. It focuses on remembering key information.

This assessment outcome requires you to understand scientific concepts, procedures, and techniques and how to apply them. You'll need to show you understand the 'why' behind the science.

This assessment outcome focuses on analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating scientific information to draw conclusions and make informed judgements.

This assessment outcome requires you to connect different scientific concepts, procedures, processes, and techniques together.

Command words like 'give', 'label', 'name', and 'state' indicate that you need to recall specific information.

Command words like 'calculate', 'compare', 'discuss', 'draw', 'explain', 'state', and 'write' indicate that you need to show your understanding of scientific concepts and processes.

Command words like 'calculate', 'compare', 'comment', 'complete', 'describe', 'discuss', 'explain', and 'state' indicate that you need to analyze scientific information and reach conclusions.

Command words like 'compare', 'comment', 'discuss', and 'explain' indicate that you need to connect and integrate different scientific concepts.

Regions around the nucleus of an atom where there's a 95% chance of finding an electron.

The principle that electrons fill orbitals with the lowest energy states first, before moving to higher energy levels.

Different energy states within an electron shell. There are four types: s, p, d, and f.

The arrangement of electrons in the shells and subshells of an atom.

A simplified model of electron structure where electrons are shown circling the nucleus in specific shells.

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

The energy level of an electron, based on its distance from the nucleus. Electrons closer to the nucleus have lower energy levels.

A molecule where electrons are distributed evenly, resulting in no partial charges.

A molecule with uneven electron distribution, creating a slightly positive area and a slightly negative area.

The difference in electronegativity between atoms in a covalent bond determines the polarity of the bond.

In a polar covalent bond, the atom with higher electronegativity attracts electrons more strongly, creating a partial negative charge.

In a polar covalent bond, the atom with lower electronegativity has a weaker pull on electrons, resulting in a partial positive charge.

The process of rearranging atoms in molecules to form new substances.

The substances that go into a chemical reaction.

The substances that are produced from a chemical reaction.

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas.

The number in front of a chemical formula in a balanced chemical equation.

The process of ensuring there are an equal number of each type of atom on both sides of a chemical equation.

A chemical reaction where reactants combine to form a single product.

In a chemical equation, a number written slightly below and to the right of a chemical symbol.

A chemical equation is balanced when the number of atoms of each element on the reactants' side (left) equals the number of atoms of that element on the products' side (right).

Coefficients are numbers placed in front of chemical formulas in a balanced equation. They represent the number of molecules of each reactant and product involved in the reaction.

Balancing a chemical equation involves adjusting the coefficients in front of each chemical formula to ensure the same number of atoms of each element appears on both sides of the equation.

In the reaction C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O, the coefficient '3' in front of O2 indicates that 3 molecules of oxygen are needed to react with one molecule of ethanol (C2H5OH).

The balanced reaction C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O shows the complete combustion of ethanol. The products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).