Effective Communication and Reading Comprehension

• Communication is successful with message transfer and mutual understanding.
• The communication process involves a sender, receiver, speaker, listener, writer, and reader.

Understanding Reading

• Reading goes beyond basic skills learned early; it's an acquired skill that requires understanding, not just decoding.
• To fully understand a text requires critical thinking and following specific processes.
• Reading strategies are text-dependent.
• Examples of reading strategies, rereading, highlighting keywords, and annotating phrases or sentences.
• Academic and literary texts are two types of texts.
• Understanding requires coordinating the approach to the text type.
• Decoding is only the process of understanding a text, or merely reading a text.
• Reading requires understanding and thinking Accuracy and fluency are needed for proficiency.
• Accuracy is the ability to understand anything, even if it takes time. Fluency is the ability to read smoothly with confidence in understanding.

Characteristics of a Good Reader

• A good reader monitors comprehension, is motivated, socially engaged, and mentally active.
• Reading is considered problem-solving.

Stages of Reading Development

• Stage 0 (6 months-6 years): Desire to learn language, mimicking sounds.
• Stage 1 (6-7 years): Learning to read, understanding letter-symbol correspondence, spelling.
• Stage 2 (7-8 years): Practicing skills from Stage 1, repeated reading.
• Stage 3 (9-13 years): Words gain meaning, learning from texts.
• Stage 4 (15-17 years): Analyzing and forming opinions from texts.

The Psychological Process of Reading Schemata

• Schemata are the background knowledge that aids in understanding reading material.
• Schemata includes, experiences, acquired information, knowledge of reading material, knowledge of the reader, and meaning.

Simplified Reading Process

• Printed language is recognized.
• Meanings are assigned to symbols based on schemata.
• Schemata is related to the author's ideas
• New ideas created by combining schemata and the author's ideas.

Ways of Processing Information when Reading

• Bottom-up: Understanding text and then applying it.
• Top-down: Applying existing knowledge to understand text.
• Interactive: Using both text and schemata for understanding.

The Value of Reading

• One needs to become a good reader in order to acquire the benefits of reading.

How to Become a Good Reader

• Include reading in daily schedule.
• One should develop reading as a habit
• Ensure a conducive reading environment
• Make sure the lighting is good for your eyes
• Readers should take an active role by asking questions and being mentally engaged
• One needs to define goals in reading
• To not depend on just onr or two sources for references
• Negotiate with your environment.
• Adjust from time to time to maximise benefit, ensure minimal distractions.
• Gauge your capabilities.
• You have to know your reading level to know which material suits you best

Types of Reading

• Four Purposes of Reading: General reasons why people read
• Literature: Reading for enjoyment.
• Literary standards are artistry, intellectual & spiritual value, suggestiveness, permanence, universality, style.
• PISA is conducted to survey common reasons why people read.
• Education purposes for academic work.
• Work: to survive the workplace and improve their trade
• One may read for private use to enjoy themselves
• One may read for public use to catch up on the news and remain social
• Program: Reading for activities and for improvements in class

Different ways to Read

• Read Aloud: Reading a text after the teacher has said it
• Shared Reading: collaborative reading that will generate ideas on the text
• Guided Reading: working on given questions without help from anyone
• Fluency Reading: similar to reading aloud however the teacher does not interfere
• Independant Reading: Creating a regular programmed dedicating a number of hours to reading
• Developmental Reading: Programmed reading which offers different reading skills
• Selective Reading: Looking for relevant keywords(skimming and scanning)

Different Styles to Consider

• Strategic Reading: Thinking and speaking for comprehension
• Performance: The different ways one believes material is understood
• Speed Reading: Obtaining as much information as possible in a short time.
• Proofreading: Editing and revising material
• Subvocalized: Mentally pronouncing words while reading.
• Structure, Proposition and Evaluation: understanding the test in three steps

Genres of Text

• Genre is defined as, a group of artistic composition with similar characteristics
• Spoken and written forms of art in the world that are everywhere
• This art includes the telephone and essays
• Texts with observable patterns help readers form generalizations about reading materials
• Literary Texts are based on creative writing

Literary Text and Types

• Poetry uses characterized short language and is easy to recognise
• Lyric is the shortest form of poem
  • Simple lyric: type of form
  • Song is emphasized and repeated
  • Sonnet 14 repeating line with measures and rythmn
  • Elegy is lamentation for the dead
  • Odes express praise over something

Narrative Text

• Narrative is a story that is recognised easily
  • Ballard : a short poem that is easily to be sunf
  • Epic is capitalised with abilites and flash backs
  • Metrical tales are high in spirit moral
  • metrical romance medival with damsels in distress

Drama

• Performance and reciting are for the stage
  • Audience is for monologue and receiving massages
    • Requiring people that requires presence
  • Creating Character Sketches

Narrative Text

• Prose is free and unlike poetry
• Talks about events that are real but maybe reflected
  • Short stories with short description
  • Novels

Non Fiction

• Essay is a simple concept of an idea
• Biography: writing for stories and events
• letter and diaries writing to remember to yourself

Factual Text

• Information encountered in academia
• Text can be read, Explained and be exposed

Expository Text

• Process: series of steps
• Explanation: Cause and effects reasons on why questions
• Exposition: Discussions of different issues
• Information report: simple forms of definitions or specifications

Hyper Text

• New texting device or a website
• Utilised with code, the ability to read and connect

Expository and Narrative Texts

• Texts are usually linked together to share the context
• Explaining what events are connected to the overall reason

Lesson 7: Critical Thinking

• Reading allows two ideas. Stated clearly vs hidden/unclear ideas
• Getting the correct context and understanding the true meaning
• Able to notice fallacies from past experiences

Expressions

• Words are described in meanings but may mean another

Simile

• Comparing by using the words "like" and "as"

Metaphor

• Direct comparison of two ideas

Personification

• Giving human characteristics to the non human

Hyperbole

• Exaggerated ideas which have no true meaning

Onomatopoeia

• Naming things with sounds and vocal imitations

Alliteration

• Repeating consonants to sentence/ideas

Assonance

• Repetition with echo and rhythem

Synecdoche

• Words substitute or represent ideas

Irony

• Saying someone that means the opposite of

Euphemisms

• Changing and reducing the act of sending and receiving a message