Effect of Air Temperature on Heat Conductance and Frostbite Risk
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Questions and Answers

What action can help increase body temperature according to the text?

  • Seeking a cooler environment
  • Drinking hot fluids (correct)
  • Wearing light-colored, loose clothing
  • Reducing physical activity
  • How do monocytes, macrophages, and Kupffer cells contribute to an increase in body temperature?

  • By reducing activity
  • By seeking a cooler environment
  • By resetting the hypothalamic thermostat
  • By producing cytokines like IL-1 and IL-6 (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to decrease body temperature in the text?

  • Seeking a cooler environment
  • Increasing physical activity (correct)
  • Wearing light-colored, loose clothing
  • Reducing physical activity
  • What is the role of the hypothalamic 'thermostat' in body temperature regulation?

    <p>Resetting to a new set point above 37°C during fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce cytokines that act as endogenous pyrogens in the body?

    <p>Monocytes, macrophages, and Kupffer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of light-colored, loose clothing according to the text?

    <p>To restrict heat loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major factor that determines how rapidly heat is conducted from the body core to the skin?

    <p>The speed at which heat can be conducted to the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body system contributes to resting metabolism primarily through the thermogenic effect of food?

    <p>Digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is responsible for around half of the body heat loss under normal conditions?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does sympathetic stimulation play in metabolic rate?

    <p>Leads to extra metabolism through hormonal effects on cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of heat transfer from the body to the environment, what is the primary method involved in heat loss without contact?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes most significantly to resting metabolism during exercise according to the text?

    <p>Extra metabolism needed for digestion, absorption, and food storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of fully vasoconstricted state on the conductance of heat from the core to the skin surface?

    <p>4 fold increase in heat conductance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to skin cells if blood flow to the skin is restricted for an extended period?

    <p>They begin to die due to lack of oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve fibers innervate sweat glands?

    <p>Cholinergic nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the mechanisms that cause excess heat production which is inhibited when the body is too hot?

    <p>Shivering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of skin vasoconstriction when the body is too cold?

    <p>Vasodilation of skin blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sympathetic stimulation in arrector pili muscles?

    <p>Contraction for standing hairs upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the fever induced by cytokines?

    <p>Local synthesis and release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen as body core temperature reaches 41°C?

    <p>Confusion and loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excessive hyperthermia (>41°C) affect the body?

    <p>Can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on the hypothalamus?

    <p>Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a very high body temperature (>41°C) cause?

    <p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises from overexposure to a hot and humid environment?

    <p>Heat stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the vasoconstriction of the arterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses supplying blood to the venous plexus of the skin?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for mediating temperature increasing mechanisms?

    <p>Posterior region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the main medium for transporting heat from the core to the skin regions?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are blood vessels distributed profusely in relation to heat regulation?

    <p>Beneath the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas are directly supplied with blood to the venous plexus from small arteries through arteriovenous anastomoses?

    <p>Hands, feet, and ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling vasoconstriction in response to changes in body core temperature?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

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