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What characterizes an act done from fear?

  • It is a result of external coercion and thus invalid.
  • It cannot be considered voluntary under any circumstances.
  • It is voluntary, but often conditionally involuntary. (correct)
  • It is always involuntary and excused.

    • Which statement about fear and its consequences is true?

  • Fear always invalidates any evil act.
  • An act done from grave fear may be invalidated by law. (correct)
  • Fear serves as a valid excuse for unethical actions.
  • Acts performed out of fear are never considered voluntary.

    • In the context of violence, what does it mean when an act is performed against one's will?

  • Acts influenced by violence are disregarded by ethical considerations.
  • The act is automatically considered voluntary.
  • The agent is always held responsible for the act.
  • Acts caused by violence cannot be attributed to the agent if resisted. (correct)

    • What is the nature of acts performed out of habit according to the ethical principles?

    <p>They are considered voluntary as long as the habit is permitted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the relationship between fear and action is correct?

    <p>An individual may act out of fear while still having some degree of choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of knowledge that ought to be present?

    <p>Privative ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ignorance refers to the lack of knowledge regarding the existence of a duty or rule?

    <p>Ignorance of Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification of ignorance results from a lack of proper diligence on the agent's part?

    <p>Vincible Ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes crass ignorance?

    <p>Ignorance resulting from a total lack of effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of vincible ignorance?

    <p>Ignorance that can be eliminated with diligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive ignorance is also known as what?

    <p>Mistake or error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ignorance of penalty refer to?

    <p>Not being aware of the sanctions of a law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ignorance is characterized by efforts that are not whole-hearted nor persevering?

    <p>Simply vincible ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antecedent concupiscence characterized by?

    <p>Automatic feelings without will stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the nature of consequent concupiscence?

    <p>It is willed and thus carries proper voluntariness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diminishes the voluntariness of an act according to the discussion on concupiscence?

    <p>Antecedent concupiscence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does antecedent concupiscence not destroy voluntariness according to the principles discussed?

    <p>Knowledge and freedom are lessened, but not eliminated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when antecedent passion makes control of the agent's acts impossible?

    <p>The agent is deemed temporarily insane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion is specifically characterized as the shrinking back of the mind from danger?

    <p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does consequent concupiscence impact the voluntariness of an act?

    <p>It has no effect on voluntariness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antecedent concupiscence?

    <p>It is always prompted by external circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes invincible ignorance?

    <p>The agent cannot be made aware of their ignorance by any effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does antecedent ignorance differ from concomitant ignorance?

    <p>Antecedent ignorance exists before the act is consented to, while concomitant ignorance accompanies the act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ignorance destroys the voluntariness of an act?

    <p>Invincible ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of vincible ignorance?

    <p>It diminishes the voluntariness but does not destroy it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of concommittant ignorance?

    <p>Ignorance that occurs alongside an act that would be done regardless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about affected ignorance is TRUE?

    <p>It implies a deliberate choice to remain ignorant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between physically invincible ignorance and morally invincible ignorance?

    <p>Physically invincible ignorance cannot be dismissed at all, while morally invincible might require effort and guidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes consequent ignorance?

    <p>It is a lack of knowledge that occurs after an act of the will.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Modifiers of Human Acts

    • Modifiers affect the essential qualities of human acts, influencing their moral character and the agent's responsibility.
    • Five primary modifiers include: Ignorance, Concupiscence, Fear, Violence, and Habit.

    Ignorance

    • Ignorance signifies a lack or absence of knowledge, categorized into three types:
      • Negative ignorance: Absence of intellectual knowledge (e.g., a philosophy teacher unaware of higher mathematics).
      • Privative ignorance: Lack of necessary knowledge (e.g., a civil engineer unaware of strength of materials).
      • Positive ignorance: Presence of false knowledge or mistakes (e.g., misidentifying someone due to poor eyesight).
    • Three ways to analyze ignorance:
      • Ignorance in its Object: Ignorance related to the duty or act.
        • Ignorance of Law: Unawareness of existing rules or duties.
        • Ignorance of Fact: Lack of knowledge regarding the nature or prohibition of an act.
        • Ignorance of Penalty: Unawareness of the sanctions tied to a law.
      • Ignorance in its Subject: Pertaining to the agent who lacks knowledge.
        • Vincible Ignorance: Ignorance that can be resolved through diligence; deemed culpable.
          • Degrees include crass, simply vincible, and affected ignorance.
        • Invincible Ignorance: Ignorance unresolvable through diligence; considered inculpable.
          • Degrees include physically invincible and morally invincible.
      • Ignorance in its Result: Effects of acts performed amidst ignorance.
        • Antecedent Ignorance: Occurs before the will consents.
        • Concomitant Ignorance: Exists while the act is performed, not influencing willingness.
        • Consequent Ignorance: Follows an act of will which could have dispelled it.
    • Ethical Principles on Ignorance:
      • Invincible ignorance negates voluntary action, making it non-imputable.
      • Vincible ignorance reduces voluntariness but does not destroy it.
      • Affected ignorance can both lessen and increase the voluntariness of acts.

    Concupiscence

    • Refers to bodily appetites or emotions influencing behavior, including love, hate, desire, and fear.
    • Two forms of concupiscence:
      • Antecedent Concupiscence: Passions arise automatically, leading to non-voluntary acts.
      • Consequent Concupiscence: Passions are fostered by the will, making the agent responsible.
    • Ethical Principles on Concupiscence:
      • Antecedent concupiscence impairs knowledge and freedom, reducing agent responsibility but not negating voluntariness.
      • Consequent concupiscence maintains proper voluntariness since it is willed by the agent.

    Fear

    • Fear involves the mind’s avoidance of danger and can manifest as anxiety or panic.
    • Classified as:
      • From Fear: Actions taken due to a fear-induced state (e.g., cheating to avoid failure).
      • With Fear: Fear accompanying an act (e.g., cheating while fearing detection).
    • Ethical Principles on Fear:
      • Acts performed out of fear are voluntary but can have conditional involuntariness.
      • Fear does not excuse evil acts derived from it; severe fear-related coercion can result in invalid acts.

    Violence

    • Defined as external force compelling someone against their will.
    • Ethical Principles on Violence:
      • Acts elicited by free will are unaffected by violence. External acts performed against one’s will under violence, with resistance offered, are not imputable.

    Habit

    • Habit is defined as a lasting tendency formed by repeated actions, allowing for a consistent way of acting.
    • Ethical Principles on Habit:
      • Habit does not negate voluntariness; actions driven by habit remain voluntary as long as the habit persists.

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