Questions and Answers
What is the main function of a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)?
To create an analog representation of digital signals
Which interface is typically faster and easier to use for transferring a byte of data at a time?
Parallel interface
What is the main component that controls the direction of data flow in a Digital Input Output (DIO) pin?
Tri-state buffer
In which communication mode can data move in two directions at the same time?
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Which type of interface is often used on GPIO pins of a microcontroller?
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Which type of interface can be used for long-distance communication?
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What is the main purpose of an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)?
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Which interface allows data to move in two directions, but not at the same time?
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What is the main function of an actuator?
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What is the main purpose of a General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pin?
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Study Notes
Memory Types
- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): programmed and erased by electrical signals
- Flash ROM: accessed in blocks of bytes, good for large storage, 10,000 to 100,000 erase cycles
- RAM (Random Access Memory): used for runtime because it is faster than ROM, loses data when power is off
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): used for code storage, retains data when power is off
Input/Output Peripherals
- Digital Input/Output (DIO)
- Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
- Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
- Timers and Pulse Width Modulators (PWM)
- Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)
- Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
- Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Serial Communication Protocols
ES Architecture
- Von Neumann Architecture: processor, memory (RAM & ROM), address bus, data bus, control bus
- Harvard Architecture: separate buses for program memory (ROM) and data memory (RAM)
Sensors and Actuators
- Sensors: measure physical quantities, input/read from the physical world
- Examples: cameras, magnetometers, accelerometers, radar/lidar, gyroscopes, chemical, strain gauges, microphones, pressure sensors
- Actuators: modify physical quantities, output/write to the physical world
- Examples: motor controllers, LEDs, LCD and plasma displays, loudspeakers, switches, fluids, solenoids, valves
ADC/DAC
- ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): takes an analog signal and creates a digital representation
- DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter): takes a digital signal and creates an analog representation
Instruction Set and Processor Operation
- Every processor has a unique instruction set and opcode
- Decoding step defines the operation and operands of an instruction
- Example instruction format: Op Code, Operand 1, Operand 2
Compilation and Execution
- A compiler is target-specific, cannot compile for a different processor
- Compiled code is specific to a processor, cannot be executed on a different processor
Sensors and Actuators: Interfaces
- Simple Digital I/O: GPIO, open collector circuits, can be used for input and output
- Parallel/Serial Interface: parallel is faster and easier, serial is cheaper and ideal for long distance
- DIO (Digital Input/Output): deals with digital signals, can be used for input or output modes
- Tri-State Buffer: controls the direction of data in a DIO pin
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