49 Questions
What is a comminuted fracture?
A fracture where the bone is broken into several fragments
Why is a bone fracture painful?
Due to the breaking in the continuity of the periosteum
What medical condition weakens the bones and can result in a pathologic fracture?
Osteoporosis
What is the condition that may require amputation of the affected limb if not treated?
Compartment syndrome
What is a possible cause of bone fracture?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
What may evoke pressure pain in a bone fracture?
Ruptured bone marrow causing edema and hematoma
What is a symptom of a severe bone fracture?
Involuntary muscle spasms
What is a possible consequence of a bone fracture?
Compartment syndrome
What is the term for a fracture resulting from a medical condition that weakens the bones?
Pathologic fracture
What may cause a bone fracture in more severe cases?
High force impact
Which type of fracture involves a collapse of a vertebra, often in the form of wedge fractures due to larger compression anteriorly?
Compression fracture
What type of fracture involves a fracture of the radial head with concomitant dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint with disruption of the interosseous membrane?
Essex-Lopresti fracture
What is a subtype of a humerus fracture?
Holstein-Lewis fracture
Which fracture involves facial fractures involving the maxillary bone and surrounding structures in a usually bilateral and either horizontal, pyramidal, or transverse way?
Le Fort fracture of skull
What type of fracture is characterized by a fracture through the spinous process of a vertebra occurring at any of the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae?
Clay-shoveler fracture
Which fracture results in entrapment of the radial nerve and occurs in the distal third of the humerus?
Holstein-Lewis fracture
What is a fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit called?
Blowout fracture
Which fracture involves a fracture of the olecranon with an associated anterior dislocation of the radial head?
Hume fracture
What is a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the head of the radius called?
Monteggia fracture
Which fracture involves an unstable fracture dislocation of the thoraco lumbar junction of the spine?
Holdsworth fracture
What is the term for a fracture that occurs through a bone weakened by some underlying disease?
Pathologic fracture
What is the term for a fracture that involves wounds communicating with the fracture, exposing the bone to contamination?
Open/compound fracture
What type of fracture occurs when bone fragments are driven into each other?
Impacted fracture
What is the term for a fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis?
Linear fracture
Which factor hinders the process of bone healing?
Tobacco smoking
What is the term for a fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis?
Transverse fracture
What is the term for a fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis (more than 30°)?
Oblique fracture
What is the term for a fracture where a fragment of bone is separated from the main mass?
Avulsion fracture
What is the term for a fracture that is caused when the front portion of a vertebra in the spine collapses due to osteoporosis?
Compression fracture
What is the term for a fracture in which the overlying skin is intact?
Closed/simple fracture
What is the term for the process where the collagen matrix is mineralized and transformed into bone?
Remodelling
What is the term for a fracture where the bone heals deformed?
Malunion
What is the term for a fracture complication where the bone fails to heal?
Non-union
What type of fractures are classified based on displacement, fracture pattern, and fragments?
Linear, transverse, oblique, spiral, compression, impacted, and avulsion fractures
What type of fractures involve traumatic, pathologic, and periprosthetic mechanisms?
Traumatic, pathologic, and periprosthetic fractures
What type of fractures are classified based on soft-tissue involvement?
Closed/simple and open/compound fractures
What hinders bone healing and increases fracture risk?
Smoking
What aids the fracture healing process?
Weight-bearing stress
What is the term for the classification of fractures as immediate, early, and late based on time of occurrence?
Time-based classification
What is the term for the process involving the growth of blood vessels and collagen production?
Fracture healing process
What is the most common type of soft-tissue involvement in fractures?
Closed/simple
Which type of fracture pattern is often seen in a twisting injury?
Oblique
What is the most common cause of malrotation after fractures?
Improper reduction
Which type of fracture is characterized by a collapse of a vertebra?
Compression
Which classification system categorizes fracture complications into immediate, early, and late occurrences?
AO/OTA classification
What is the initial step in the fracture healing process?
Formation of fracture hematoma
Which type of fracture is common in osteoporotic bones?
Pathologic
What is the term for a fracture occurring at the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae?
Chance fracture
What is the most common mechanism of fractures resulting from a fall or collision?
Traumatic
Study Notes
Bone Fractures: Complications, Pathophysiology, Effects of Smoking, Diagnosis, and Classification
- Complications of fractures include non-union and malunion
- Malrotation of a bone is common after femoral and tibial fractures
- Fracture complications are classified into immediate, early, and late occurrences
- Fracture healing process involves formation of fracture hematoma, blood clot, and collagen matrix
- Bone healing process includes mineralization of collagen matrix and remodelling into mature bone
- Factors affecting bone healing process include tobacco smoking, nutrition, and weight-bearing stress
- Smoking delays bone healing and increases the risk of fractures
- Diagnosis of bone fractures involves history, physical examination, and radiographic imaging
- Fractures can be classified as stable or unstable, and based on mechanism, soft-tissue involvement, displacement, fracture pattern, and fragments
- Mechanisms of fractures include traumatic, pathologic, and periprosthetic fractures
- Soft-tissue involvement in fractures can be closed/simple or open/compound
- Fracture patterns include linear, transverse, oblique, spiral, compression, impacted, and avulsion fractures
Test your knowledge on bone fracture complications, healing process, effects of smoking, and classification of fractures. Learn about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and classification of bone fractures.
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