Podcast
Questions and Answers
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum states that phytoplankton growth is regulated not by the total amount of nutrients available but by the amount of the ______ resource.
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum states that phytoplankton growth is regulated not by the total amount of nutrients available but by the amount of the ______ resource.
scarcest
The ratio of C:N:P in phytoplankton is commonly known as the ______ Ratio.
The ratio of C:N:P in phytoplankton is commonly known as the ______ Ratio.
Redfield
Micronutrients such as ______, Mn, and Zn can sometimes limit productivity in marine ecosystems.
Micronutrients such as ______, Mn, and Zn can sometimes limit productivity in marine ecosystems.
Fe
Respiration is photosynthesis in ______.
Respiration is photosynthesis in ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The N:P ratio of seawater is typically close to ______:1.
The N:P ratio of seawater is typically close to ______:1.
Signup and view all the answers
Organic matter that sinks in the ocean is referred to as ______ snow.
Organic matter that sinks in the ocean is referred to as ______ snow.
Signup and view all the answers
Macronutrients that can be limiting to marine productivity include nitrogen, phosphate, and ______.
Macronutrients that can be limiting to marine productivity include nitrogen, phosphate, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Redfield’s work showed that the ratio of C:N:P for phytoplankton is ______:16:1.
Redfield’s work showed that the ratio of C:N:P for phytoplankton is ______:16:1.
Signup and view all the answers
During interglacial periods, atmospheric CO2 levels generally go ______.
During interglacial periods, atmospheric CO2 levels generally go ______.
Signup and view all the answers
During glacial periods, more carbon is 'pumped' out of the atmosphere and into the ______.
During glacial periods, more carbon is 'pumped' out of the atmosphere and into the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The 'solubility pump' is related to the chemistry and physics of CO2 dissolving in ______.
The 'solubility pump' is related to the chemistry and physics of CO2 dissolving in ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Industrialization has caused atmospheric CO2 to increase well above levels typical of an ______.
Industrialization has caused atmospheric CO2 to increase well above levels typical of an ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The 'biological pump' involves the uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic ______.
The 'biological pump' involves the uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic ______.
Signup and view all the answers
HNLC regions are parts of the ocean with high concentrations of nutrients but ______ actually being taken up by phytoplankton.
HNLC regions are parts of the ocean with high concentrations of nutrients but ______ actually being taken up by phytoplankton.
Signup and view all the answers
CO2 is more soluble in ______ water, influencing the carbon cycle in polar regions.
CO2 is more soluble in ______ water, influencing the carbon cycle in polar regions.
Signup and view all the answers
Iron (Fe) limitation is the general explanation for ______ regions in the ocean.
Iron (Fe) limitation is the general explanation for ______ regions in the ocean.
Signup and view all the answers
One approach to conservation of marine biodiversity is establishment of a global network of marine ______.
One approach to conservation of marine biodiversity is establishment of a global network of marine ______.
Signup and view all the answers
A metapopulation refers to a larger population made up of many local ______.
A metapopulation refers to a larger population made up of many local ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Understanding the connectivity of metapopulations is important to managing biodiverse marine ______.
Understanding the connectivity of metapopulations is important to managing biodiverse marine ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The median dispersal of baby fish was found to be only ______ km.
The median dispersal of baby fish was found to be only ______ km.
Signup and view all the answers
A possible conservation solution is to establish 'stepping stone' reserves between the major ______.
A possible conservation solution is to establish 'stepping stone' reserves between the major ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The first mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents were discovered in ______ at the Galapagos Rift.
The first mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents were discovered in ______ at the Galapagos Rift.
Signup and view all the answers
Measurements of very hot water in the ______ Sea were among the early indications of hydrothermal vents.
Measurements of very hot water in the ______ Sea were among the early indications of hydrothermal vents.
Signup and view all the answers
Rocks dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge showed evidence of hydrothermal ______, involving reactions between seawater and basalt rock.
Rocks dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge showed evidence of hydrothermal ______, involving reactions between seawater and basalt rock.
Signup and view all the answers
Coral reefs are sensitive to sediment, nutrient loading, acidification, and ______.
Coral reefs are sensitive to sediment, nutrient loading, acidification, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The colorful symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates that corals eject during bleaching are called ______.
The colorful symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates that corals eject during bleaching are called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Polyps secrete calcium ______, building the hard reef structure over time.
Polyps secrete calcium ______, building the hard reef structure over time.
Signup and view all the answers
The structure that the polyp sits in is called a ______.
The structure that the polyp sits in is called a ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Coral reefs are large platforms built up of calcium carbonate (______ ) over thousands of years.
Coral reefs are large platforms built up of calcium carbonate (______ ) over thousands of years.
Signup and view all the answers
Ophiolites are sections of ocean crust emplaced on land by ______ tectonics.
Ophiolites are sections of ocean crust emplaced on land by ______ tectonics.
Signup and view all the answers
Seafloor hydrothermal vents are the exit points for seawater that circulates through the hot ocean ______.
Seafloor hydrothermal vents are the exit points for seawater that circulates through the hot ocean ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrothermal water from the vents is heated to temperatures between ______ and 400°C.
Hydrothermal water from the vents is heated to temperatures between ______ and 400°C.
Signup and view all the answers
The black 'smoke' seen at hydrothermal vents consists of metal-______ minerals.
The black 'smoke' seen at hydrothermal vents consists of metal-______ minerals.
Signup and view all the answers
The process of ______ uses energy from chemical reactions to produce organic matter.
The process of ______ uses energy from chemical reactions to produce organic matter.
Signup and view all the answers
The tubeworm ______ is a well-known member of the hydrothermal vent community.
The tubeworm ______ is a well-known member of the hydrothermal vent community.
Signup and view all the answers
Vents and vent communities are only active for a few ______ before relocating.
Vents and vent communities are only active for a few ______ before relocating.
Signup and view all the answers
When hydrothermal water mixes with seawater, it creates significant chemical ______.
When hydrothermal water mixes with seawater, it creates significant chemical ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Deep sea whale carcasses serve as a temporary home as stepping stones moving towards new active _____
Deep sea whale carcasses serve as a temporary home as stepping stones moving towards new active _____
Signup and view all the answers
The term _____ refers to the water column in oceanic ecosystems.
The term _____ refers to the water column in oceanic ecosystems.
Signup and view all the answers
The _____ province includes the shallow ocean up to the low tide line.
The _____ province includes the shallow ocean up to the low tide line.
Signup and view all the answers
The intertidal zone, also called the _____ province, is exposed to air at low tide.
The intertidal zone, also called the _____ province, is exposed to air at low tide.
Signup and view all the answers
Benthic communities can be divided based on substrate, often categorized as hard-bottom vs _____-bottom.
Benthic communities can be divided based on substrate, often categorized as hard-bottom vs _____-bottom.
Signup and view all the answers
Estuaries are coastal zones typically located at the mouths of rivers where _____ and seawater mix.
Estuaries are coastal zones typically located at the mouths of rivers where _____ and seawater mix.
Signup and view all the answers
Barrier islands protect the mainland by acting as storm _____ barriers.
Barrier islands protect the mainland by acting as storm _____ barriers.
Signup and view all the answers
Muddy soft-bottom communities tend to have more _____ feeders.
Muddy soft-bottom communities tend to have more _____ feeders.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
EE 144 Exam #4 Review
- Exam format includes multiple choice, matching, fill-in-the-blank, diagram interpretation, and sketching.
- Calculations will use round numbers, calculator not needed.
- No equations need memorizing.
- Exam covers lectures 26-34 (Wednesday, Dec 4).
- Exam excludes reading material not covered in class.
Lecture 26
- Understand limiting factors for new productivity (light or nutrients).
- Macronutrients limiting marine productivity include nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia), phosphate, and silica for diatoms.
- Redfield Ratio (C:N:P) for phytoplankton is 106:16:1. (C:N:P:Si in diatoms is 106:16:1:16).
- Liebig's Law of the Minimum: phytoplankton growth is limited by the scarcest resource, not the total amount available.
- Micronutrients (metals like Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo) can also limit productivity, though requirements are small.
- Sources of nutrients to marine ecosystems include nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Respiration consumes oxygen, produces CO2, and regenerates nutrients, thus, N:P ratio of seawater is often close to 16:1.
- "Marine snow" is sinking organic matter, sampled with sediment traps.
Lecture 27
- Carbon cycle relationship with climate, carbon, and marine productivity.
- Data from polar ice cores shows atmospheric CO2 rises during interglacials and falls during glacial periods.
- Carbon is pumped into the deep ocean during glacial periods, returning to the atmosphere during interglacials.
- Solubility pump and biological pump account for carbon removal.
- Industrialization and fossil fuels have caused CO2 to increase beyond interglacial levels, seen in Mauna Loa CO2 record since 1958.
- Oceans absorb half of anthropogenic CO2, much taken up by deep North Atlantic.
- Annual CO2 cycle related to photosynthesis and respiration balance.
Lecture 28
- Stellwagen Bank, a US National Marine Sanctuary, is a summer feeding ground for humpback whales.
- Stellwagen Bank's geology: shallow areas (banks) formed from glacial deposits.
- Physical aspects: cold, nutrient-rich water from the Labrador Current, tidal currents, upwelling.
- Biological aspects: sand lance are a food source for whales, and other organisms in the region
- Iron fertilization hypothesis: increasing atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods is a result of iron limitation in HNLC (high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll) areas overcome by atmospheric dust.
Lecture 29
- Prof. Buston's lecture covered coral reef biodiversity
- Importance of biodiversity for ecosystem services
- Metapopulation ecology: a population made up of many local populations
- Connectivity of metapopulations and management of marine reserves
- Dispersal kernels of fish vary between species; dispersal drops off rapidly over distance scales, which suggests that widely separated marine reserves may not be interconnected.
Lecture 30
- Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents and their associated communities.
- Vents are exits from hydrothermal circulation.
- Hot, chemical-rich water (H2S, metals) mixes with cold ocean water supporting chemosynthesis-based ecosystems.
- Chemosynthesis: energy from chemical reactions (H2S and O2) to create organic matter
- Vent communities are transient, and whale carcasses might serve as temporary habitats for moving to new locations.
Lecture 31
- Coastal ocean and coral reefs
- Pelagic (water column) vs. benthic (seafloor) organisms and processes.
- Oceanic, neritic, and littoral provinces.
- Coastlines have high levels of life.
- Coastal diversity depends on light, nutrients, temperature, tides, salinity, etc., like coral reefs, seagrass meadows, kelp forests, beaches, tidal flats, mangroves, marshes, etc.
Lecture 32
- Coastal Biogeochemistry
- [Data regarding coastal processes/variables]
Lecture 33
- Sea level
Lecture 34
- Climate change and mitigation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Prepare for EE 144 Exam #4 with a comprehensive review covering lectures 26-34. This quiz will help you solidify your understanding of marine productivity factors, nutrient limitations, and the Redfield Ratio. Get ready for multiple-choice and diagram interpretation questions!
