Podcast
Questions and Answers
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum states that phytoplankton growth is regulated not by the total amount of nutrients available but by the amount of the ______ resource.
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum states that phytoplankton growth is regulated not by the total amount of nutrients available but by the amount of the ______ resource.
scarcest
The ratio of C:N:P in phytoplankton is commonly known as the ______ Ratio.
The ratio of C:N:P in phytoplankton is commonly known as the ______ Ratio.
Redfield
Micronutrients such as ______, Mn, and Zn can sometimes limit productivity in marine ecosystems.
Micronutrients such as ______, Mn, and Zn can sometimes limit productivity in marine ecosystems.
Fe
Respiration is photosynthesis in ______.
Respiration is photosynthesis in ______.
The N:P ratio of seawater is typically close to ______:1.
The N:P ratio of seawater is typically close to ______:1.
Organic matter that sinks in the ocean is referred to as ______ snow.
Organic matter that sinks in the ocean is referred to as ______ snow.
Macronutrients that can be limiting to marine productivity include nitrogen, phosphate, and ______.
Macronutrients that can be limiting to marine productivity include nitrogen, phosphate, and ______.
Redfield’s work showed that the ratio of C:N:P for phytoplankton is ______:16:1.
Redfield’s work showed that the ratio of C:N:P for phytoplankton is ______:16:1.
During interglacial periods, atmospheric CO2 levels generally go ______.
During interglacial periods, atmospheric CO2 levels generally go ______.
During glacial periods, more carbon is 'pumped' out of the atmosphere and into the ______.
During glacial periods, more carbon is 'pumped' out of the atmosphere and into the ______.
The 'solubility pump' is related to the chemistry and physics of CO2 dissolving in ______.
The 'solubility pump' is related to the chemistry and physics of CO2 dissolving in ______.
Industrialization has caused atmospheric CO2 to increase well above levels typical of an ______.
Industrialization has caused atmospheric CO2 to increase well above levels typical of an ______.
The 'biological pump' involves the uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic ______.
The 'biological pump' involves the uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic ______.
HNLC regions are parts of the ocean with high concentrations of nutrients but ______ actually being taken up by phytoplankton.
HNLC regions are parts of the ocean with high concentrations of nutrients but ______ actually being taken up by phytoplankton.
CO2 is more soluble in ______ water, influencing the carbon cycle in polar regions.
CO2 is more soluble in ______ water, influencing the carbon cycle in polar regions.
Iron (Fe) limitation is the general explanation for ______ regions in the ocean.
Iron (Fe) limitation is the general explanation for ______ regions in the ocean.
One approach to conservation of marine biodiversity is establishment of a global network of marine ______.
One approach to conservation of marine biodiversity is establishment of a global network of marine ______.
A metapopulation refers to a larger population made up of many local ______.
A metapopulation refers to a larger population made up of many local ______.
Understanding the connectivity of metapopulations is important to managing biodiverse marine ______.
Understanding the connectivity of metapopulations is important to managing biodiverse marine ______.
The median dispersal of baby fish was found to be only ______ km.
The median dispersal of baby fish was found to be only ______ km.
A possible conservation solution is to establish 'stepping stone' reserves between the major ______.
A possible conservation solution is to establish 'stepping stone' reserves between the major ______.
The first mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents were discovered in ______ at the Galapagos Rift.
The first mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents were discovered in ______ at the Galapagos Rift.
Measurements of very hot water in the ______ Sea were among the early indications of hydrothermal vents.
Measurements of very hot water in the ______ Sea were among the early indications of hydrothermal vents.
Rocks dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge showed evidence of hydrothermal ______, involving reactions between seawater and basalt rock.
Rocks dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge showed evidence of hydrothermal ______, involving reactions between seawater and basalt rock.
Coral reefs are sensitive to sediment, nutrient loading, acidification, and ______.
Coral reefs are sensitive to sediment, nutrient loading, acidification, and ______.
The colorful symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates that corals eject during bleaching are called ______.
The colorful symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates that corals eject during bleaching are called ______.
Polyps secrete calcium ______, building the hard reef structure over time.
Polyps secrete calcium ______, building the hard reef structure over time.
The structure that the polyp sits in is called a ______.
The structure that the polyp sits in is called a ______.
Coral reefs are large platforms built up of calcium carbonate (______ ) over thousands of years.
Coral reefs are large platforms built up of calcium carbonate (______ ) over thousands of years.
Ophiolites are sections of ocean crust emplaced on land by ______ tectonics.
Ophiolites are sections of ocean crust emplaced on land by ______ tectonics.
Seafloor hydrothermal vents are the exit points for seawater that circulates through the hot ocean ______.
Seafloor hydrothermal vents are the exit points for seawater that circulates through the hot ocean ______.
Hydrothermal water from the vents is heated to temperatures between ______ and 400°C.
Hydrothermal water from the vents is heated to temperatures between ______ and 400°C.
The black 'smoke' seen at hydrothermal vents consists of metal-______ minerals.
The black 'smoke' seen at hydrothermal vents consists of metal-______ minerals.
The process of ______ uses energy from chemical reactions to produce organic matter.
The process of ______ uses energy from chemical reactions to produce organic matter.
The tubeworm ______ is a well-known member of the hydrothermal vent community.
The tubeworm ______ is a well-known member of the hydrothermal vent community.
Vents and vent communities are only active for a few ______ before relocating.
Vents and vent communities are only active for a few ______ before relocating.
When hydrothermal water mixes with seawater, it creates significant chemical ______.
When hydrothermal water mixes with seawater, it creates significant chemical ______.
Deep sea whale carcasses serve as a temporary home as stepping stones moving towards new active _____
Deep sea whale carcasses serve as a temporary home as stepping stones moving towards new active _____
The term _____ refers to the water column in oceanic ecosystems.
The term _____ refers to the water column in oceanic ecosystems.
The _____ province includes the shallow ocean up to the low tide line.
The _____ province includes the shallow ocean up to the low tide line.
The intertidal zone, also called the _____ province, is exposed to air at low tide.
The intertidal zone, also called the _____ province, is exposed to air at low tide.
Benthic communities can be divided based on substrate, often categorized as hard-bottom vs _____-bottom.
Benthic communities can be divided based on substrate, often categorized as hard-bottom vs _____-bottom.
Estuaries are coastal zones typically located at the mouths of rivers where _____ and seawater mix.
Estuaries are coastal zones typically located at the mouths of rivers where _____ and seawater mix.
Barrier islands protect the mainland by acting as storm _____ barriers.
Barrier islands protect the mainland by acting as storm _____ barriers.
Muddy soft-bottom communities tend to have more _____ feeders.
Muddy soft-bottom communities tend to have more _____ feeders.
Flashcards
Limiting Factors for Marine Productivity
Limiting Factors for Marine Productivity
Nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphate, and silica, that restrict the growth of phytoplankton, even if other nutrients are plentiful.
Redfield Ratio
Redfield Ratio
The typical ratio of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in phytoplankton (106:16:1).
Liebig's Law of the Minimum
Liebig's Law of the Minimum
Phytoplankton growth is controlled by the scarcest nutrient, not the total amount available.
Limiting Nutrient (e.g.Nitrogen)
Limiting Nutrient (e.g.Nitrogen)
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Micronutrients
Micronutrients
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Nutrient Sources in Marine Ecosystems
Nutrient Sources in Marine Ecosystems
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Respiration
Respiration
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Marine Snow
Marine Snow
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Atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods
Atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods
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Atmospheric CO2 during interglacial periods
Atmospheric CO2 during interglacial periods
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Solubility pump
Solubility pump
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Biological pump
Biological pump
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HNLC regions
HNLC regions
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Iron limitation in HNLC regions
Iron limitation in HNLC regions
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Mauna Loa CO2 record
Mauna Loa CO2 record
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Ocean's carbon uptake
Ocean's carbon uptake
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Marine Reserve Connectivity
Marine Reserve Connectivity
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Metapopulation
Metapopulation
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Dispersal Kernel
Dispersal Kernel
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Reef Fish Dispersal
Reef Fish Dispersal
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Stepping Stone Reserves
Stepping Stone Reserves
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Hydrothermal Vent
Hydrothermal Vent
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Mid-Ocean Ridge
Mid-Ocean Ridge
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Hydrothermal Vent Communities
Hydrothermal Vent Communities
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Coral Bleaching
Coral Bleaching
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Coral Reefs: Hard Bottom Communities
Coral Reefs: Hard Bottom Communities
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Coral Polyp
Coral Polyp
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Zooxanthellae
Zooxanthellae
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Coral Reef Threats
Coral Reef Threats
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Pelagic vs. Benthic
Pelagic vs. Benthic
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Oceanic vs. Neritic
Oceanic vs. Neritic
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Littoral Province
Littoral Province
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Why is the open ocean sparse?
Why is the open ocean sparse?
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Epipelagic Zone
Epipelagic Zone
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Coastal Ocean - A Feast of Life
Coastal Ocean - A Feast of Life
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Estuaries as Mixing Zones
Estuaries as Mixing Zones
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Barrier Islands and Lagoons
Barrier Islands and Lagoons
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Ocean Crust Heat Flow
Ocean Crust Heat Flow
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Chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
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Black Smokers
Black Smokers
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Riftia Tubeworms
Riftia Tubeworms
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Vent Communities
Vent Communities
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Vent Community Transience
Vent Community Transience
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Population Connectivity
Population Connectivity
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Study Notes
EE 144 Exam #4 Review
- Exam format includes multiple choice, matching, fill-in-the-blank, diagram interpretation, and sketching.
- Calculations will use round numbers, calculator not needed.
- No equations need memorizing.
- Exam covers lectures 26-34 (Wednesday, Dec 4).
- Exam excludes reading material not covered in class.
Lecture 26
- Understand limiting factors for new productivity (light or nutrients).
- Macronutrients limiting marine productivity include nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia), phosphate, and silica for diatoms.
- Redfield Ratio (C:N:P) for phytoplankton is 106:16:1. (C:N:P:Si in diatoms is 106:16:1:16).
- Liebig's Law of the Minimum: phytoplankton growth is limited by the scarcest resource, not the total amount available.
- Micronutrients (metals like Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo) can also limit productivity, though requirements are small.
- Sources of nutrients to marine ecosystems include nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Respiration consumes oxygen, produces CO2, and regenerates nutrients, thus, N:P ratio of seawater is often close to 16:1.
- "Marine snow" is sinking organic matter, sampled with sediment traps.
Lecture 27
- Carbon cycle relationship with climate, carbon, and marine productivity.
- Data from polar ice cores shows atmospheric CO2 rises during interglacials and falls during glacial periods.
- Carbon is pumped into the deep ocean during glacial periods, returning to the atmosphere during interglacials.
- Solubility pump and biological pump account for carbon removal.
- Industrialization and fossil fuels have caused CO2 to increase beyond interglacial levels, seen in Mauna Loa CO2 record since 1958.
- Oceans absorb half of anthropogenic CO2, much taken up by deep North Atlantic.
- Annual CO2 cycle related to photosynthesis and respiration balance.
Lecture 28
- Stellwagen Bank, a US National Marine Sanctuary, is a summer feeding ground for humpback whales.
- Stellwagen Bank's geology: shallow areas (banks) formed from glacial deposits.
- Physical aspects: cold, nutrient-rich water from the Labrador Current, tidal currents, upwelling.
- Biological aspects: sand lance are a food source for whales, and other organisms in the region
- Iron fertilization hypothesis: increasing atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods is a result of iron limitation in HNLC (high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll) areas overcome by atmospheric dust.
Lecture 29
- Prof. Buston's lecture covered coral reef biodiversity
- Importance of biodiversity for ecosystem services
- Metapopulation ecology: a population made up of many local populations
- Connectivity of metapopulations and management of marine reserves
- Dispersal kernels of fish vary between species; dispersal drops off rapidly over distance scales, which suggests that widely separated marine reserves may not be interconnected.
Lecture 30
- Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents and their associated communities.
- Vents are exits from hydrothermal circulation.
- Hot, chemical-rich water (H2S, metals) mixes with cold ocean water supporting chemosynthesis-based ecosystems.
- Chemosynthesis: energy from chemical reactions (H2S and O2) to create organic matter
- Vent communities are transient, and whale carcasses might serve as temporary habitats for moving to new locations.
Lecture 31
- Coastal ocean and coral reefs
- Pelagic (water column) vs. benthic (seafloor) organisms and processes.
- Oceanic, neritic, and littoral provinces.
- Coastlines have high levels of life.
- Coastal diversity depends on light, nutrients, temperature, tides, salinity, etc., like coral reefs, seagrass meadows, kelp forests, beaches, tidal flats, mangroves, marshes, etc.
Lecture 32
- Coastal Biogeochemistry
- [Data regarding coastal processes/variables]
Lecture 33
- Sea level
Lecture 34
- Climate change and mitigation.
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Description
Prepare for EE 144 Exam #4 with a comprehensive review covering lectures 26-34. This quiz will help you solidify your understanding of marine productivity factors, nutrient limitations, and the Redfield Ratio. Get ready for multiple-choice and diagram interpretation questions!
