Educational Psychology on Values and Goals

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Questions and Answers

Which value is most positively correlated with religiosity according to the findings?

Self-direction

Tradition (correct)

Hedonism

Stimulation

What role do values play in career choices as indicated in the content?

Career choices are solely determined by economic factors, not values.

Values are arbitrary and do not influence career choices.

Values change automatically to align with any chosen career.

Values facilitate attainment of goals considered important in occupations. (correct)

What is the primary focus of formative assessments as advocated by AGT?

Assessing students only at the end of the term

Providing feedback to improve learning processes (correct)

Encouraging social comparison among peers

Ranking students based on performance

How do values affect educational choices based on the evidence presented?

Students select their educational path based on a value-based self-selection process. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What pattern was observed regarding parents' occupational environments and their children's values?

The occupational environments of parents can affect the values they wish to instill in their children. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant challenge in shifting educational contexts to emphasize mastery goals?

Modest results from proposed interventions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best characterizes mastery goals?

They emphasize the mastery of content regardless of social comparisons. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following values increased in importance due to low supervision and varied tasks at work?

Self-direction (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to self-efficacy theory, what contributes to a person's development of self-efficacy?

Observational learning and personal experiences of success (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is largely absent in the transition of students' values during their university years?

Academic performance (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect correlates negatively with emphasizing openness to change values?

Religiosity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why Bandura's Bobo Doll study challenges traditional behaviorism?

It showed that learning can occur through observation without direct reinforcement. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary goals of the Roanoke Experiment?

To determine the effectiveness of programmed instruction (B) Signup and view all the answers

How were the students for the programmed learning pilot study chosen?

They were drawn from the remaining eighth-grade students rather than the above-average group (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of the teaching method used in the Roanoke Experiment?

Students worked at their own pace without teacher assistance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Edward Rushton hope the new teaching methods would have on the Roanoke district?

To accommodate an overcrowded school system (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Roanoke Experiment was particularly unique compared to traditional education?

It utilized teaching machines and programmed instruction effectively (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who played a key role in developing the program for the Roanoke Experiment?

Daniel Murphy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the potential downside of the Roanoke Experiment mentioned by Rushton?

Students could fail and not be able to retake the course (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes participatory learning principles from traditional educational practices?

The focus on hands-on and community-oriented activities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What funding source supported the Roanoke Experiment?

The Carnegie Foundation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of Duolingo compared to Skinner's approach?

Incorporation of social comparison for reinforcement (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was found to be the most effective intervention for increasing gym attendance?

Offering a bonus to return after a missed workout (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of psychological interventions were found to have a follow-up effect?

8-10% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the accuracy of predictions made by various groups about the effects of interventions?

All groups underestimated the effectiveness of the interventions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the achievement goal theory, what aspect enhances motivation in learning?

The ability to make choices regarding topics of interest (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the critical conclusions from the multistudy experiment on gym attendance?

Many psychological interventions are overestimated in their effects. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Duolingo is highlighted as beneficial for maintaining learner interest?

An 80% success rate being optimal for user engagement (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of both Duolingo and Skinner’s approach in relation to proficiency?

They provide too many routes to problem-solving. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one major application area of Achievement Goal Theory?

Sports psychology (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the use of choice in the learning process as per the given content?

It potentially increases motivation among learners. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the main advantage reported about the teaching machines used for instruction?

Students could complete a full year's curriculum in less time. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the experiment with teaching machines was criticized?

Random group assignment was not utilized. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used by the teaching machines for assessing student learning?

Multiple choice tests and immediate feedback. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did the majority of students express a preference for regarding teaching methods?

A combination of machine-based learning and teacher assistance. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially diminish the initial positive feedback from using teaching machines?

The fading motivation over time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature was highlighted as crucial to the success of the teaching machines?

Standardized, step-by-step learning with frequent feedback. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In terms of retention, how did students score when retested after one year?

An average rate of slightly more than 90 percent. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was one concern regarding the information from the study about teaching machines?

The unclear relationship between study respondents and machine producers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a programmed textbook be considered a suitable alternative to teaching machines?

It is potentially more affordable and offers similar functionality. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How did the design of teaching machines in the 1960s compare to modern educational applications?

They shared similarities with apps like Duolingo in information delivery. (C) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

First Lecture

Homework cancellation in primary schools: Students spent 8-4.5pm at school plus homework
Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) website, British and American versions available
List of educational interventions (e.g., homework)
Costs of implementation
Evidence strength
Impact measured in months (effect sizes)
https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk
https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/education-evidence/teaching-learning-toolkit
Check technical appendix: list of studies, effect sizes.
PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment): international standardized exam for 15-year-olds
Reading, maths and science are assessed
https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/pisa.html
EFFECT SIZE:
- Cohen's d: measure of difference from reference point
- Different from statistical significance
- d=0.5, d=1, d=2, d=3
Publication bias in educational psychology: tendency to overstate positive results; replication crisis
Researchers prioritize novel results.

Personal values in human life

Lilach Sagiv, Sonia Roccas, Jan Cieciuch and Shalom H. Schwartz
Personal values are examined in many research fields (social, humanities),
Personal Values are subjective and reflect what people believe and say about themselves.
Self-reported values predict attitudes and behaviors effectively.
Values versus needs, personality traits and goals :
- Values refer to what is good and worthy
- Cultural values (collectives) represent the goals that members pursue
- Personal values are desirable goals, guiding principles in life that affect preferences & behavior.
- Personal values are distinct from traits, motives, goals and attitudes.
  - In ethics and theology, there are universal values (truth, beauty, etc)
- In psychology, values are the results of empirical research
Basic values are measured via self-report (e.g., "It is important to her never to think she deserves more than other people”, “It is very important to her to avoid disease and protect her health”)

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Description

This quiz explores the relationship between values, religiosity, and educational choices as indicated in the provided content. It also examines mastery goals, self-efficacy theory, and the influence of parental environments on children's values. Test your knowledge on these crucial topics in educational psychology.