Education and Technology

• Education facilitates learning and acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and beliefs
• Technology applies scientific knowledge for practical use
• Educational technology applies scientific knowledge about learning to enhance teaching effectiveness and efficiency

Evolution of Education Through Technology

• Technology has been integrated into education over time

Roles of Technology in Teaching & Learning

• Technology can be used to motivate students, provide unique instructional capabilities and support new instructional approaches

Four Pillars of Education

• Learning to learn
• Learning to do
• Learning to be
• Learning to live together

Motivation for Students

• Technology transforms passive classrooms into active ones
• Capturing a learner's attention is essential for optimal instruction
• Students enjoy activities that promote creativity, self-expression, and self-efficacy

Unique Instructional Capabilities

• Hypertext systems enable students to search information from multiple sources
• Technology enhances higher-order thinking skills

Support for New Instructional Approaches

• Technology-based activities facilitate cooperative, small-group work, promoting learning to live together

Increased Teacher Productivity

• Technology lessens workloads through record-keeping
• Teachers can quickly produce student-friendly materials and disseminate announcements

Required Skills for an Information Age

• Technology literacy is vital, and locating and communicating information involves technology
• Students research math applications in careers and present their findings
• Teachers provide curated online resources for students to independently explore advanced math topics
• Students participate in math competitions, applying skills to solve challenging problems under time pressure
• Teachers explain concepts by linking to real-life situations
• Students present the practical uses of calculus
• Teachers encourage peer mentoring to foster collaboration and empathy

Learning Theories

• Learning theories can be integrated into educational technology for efficiency and effectiveness

Cognitivism

• People are rational beings requiring active participation and whose actions are a consequence of thinking
• Jean Piaget is a key figure in cognitivism
• Learning occurs when a learner's schemata are changed

Three-Stage Information Processing Model

• The model includes Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory
• Mnemonic strategies help learners organize meaningless input into more meaningful images

Cognitivism in Educational Technology

• Uses Visual Aids, Daily reviews and Concept Maps

Behaviorism

• Focuses on new behavioral patterns being repeated until automatic
• Equates learning with observable behavior change in the right environment
• Reinforcement and punishment are key

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

• It is about the association between a stimulus and response
• A neutral stimulus elicits a response through association with a similar response stimulus

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

• Only visible behavior can be studied
• Reinforcement and punishment are a "reward system"

Behaviorism in Educational Technology

• Rewards, devices, praise, and feedbacking are used in teaching

Connectionism (Thorndike)

• Learning links a particular stimulus and response
• The Laws include Exercise, Effect & Readiness

Laws of Learning (Connectionism)

• Readiness= learning is facilitated by learner's emotional, motivational readiness
• Effect= positive reinforcingstimulus can strengthen the situation-response connection
• Exercise= stimulus-response associations can be strengthened through repetition

Connectionism in Educational Technology

• Motivation
• Drills and Practice
• Collaboration and Groupwork
• Different Media Tools

Constructivism

• Meaningful learning occurs via interaction with a problem or concept
• Learners construct new ideas/concepts based on prior knowledge

Cognitive Constructivism (Piaget)

• Understanding is a result of independent invention
• It is structured for the individual

Social Constructivism (Vygotsky)

• It is negotiated learning through interaction with others
• It is structured in a social context
• Understand springs from social origin

Constructivism in Ed. Tech

• Learner's Reflection
• Roleplaying
• Field Trips, Field Study
• Contextualized Problem-Solving

Examples of Application of Constructivism, Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Connectionism

ASSURE Model (Heinich & Molenda, 1999)

• Analyze Learner, State Objectives, Select Media & Materials, Utilize Media & Materials, Require Learner Participation, Evaluate & Revise

State Objectives

• Use the SMARTER model
• Specific
• Measurable
• Attainable
• Relevant
• Time-bound
• Evaluated
• Readjust

ABCD in Selecting Media & Materials

• Audience, Behavior, Condition, Degree

ADDIE Model

• Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation

Dale's Cone of Experience

• A model representing learning experiences from concrete to abstract (Direct/Purposeful Experiences to Verbal Symbols)

Bruner's Three-Tiered Model of Learning

• Enactive (actions), Iconic (illustrations), Symbolic (symbols)

Three Domains of Learning

• Cognitive (knowing, thinking)
• Psychomotor (doing, physical skills)
• Affective (feeling, values)

Cognitive Domain (Bloom)

• Mental skills and Knowledge
• Skills: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, Creating

Psychomotor Domain (Simpson)

• Physical manipulation, tools and skills
• Skills: Perception, Set, Guided Response, Mechanism, Complex Overt Response, Adaptation, Origination

Affective Domain

• Includes dealing with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivation
• Skills: Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organization, Characterization