EDU1205 Educational Psychology Week 12 Revision
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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of negative reinforcement in behavior modification?

  • To provide a reward after a desired behavior
  • To strengthen a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus (correct)
  • To punish undesirable behaviors
  • To distract a student from unwanted behavior

Why is punishment generally considered an ineffective teaching strategy?

  • It can create resentment in students
  • It often fails to change behaviors long-term
  • It encourages students to hide their mistakes
  • All of the above (correct)

What does continuous reinforcement achieve in the early stages of learning?

  • It encourages students to act independently
  • It can lead to quicker behavioral acquisition (correct)
  • It prevents satiation of the reinforcer
  • It helps establish consistency in behavior

In the context of reinforcement schedules, what is a key characteristic of intermittent reinforcement?

<p>It helps reduce the likelihood of satiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative strategy to punishment for managing behavior in students?

<p>Signing a contract to acknowledge an intervention plan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gilligan's 'Ethic of Care' emphasize in moral decision-making?

<p>The importance of relationships and interconnectedness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Noddings' 'Ethic of Care' contribute to understanding moral behavior?

<p>By emphasizing empathy, compassion, and nurturing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Gilligan's theory, how do women typically approach moral dilemmas?

<p>By prioritizing care, harmony, and the needs of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal understanding does Gilligan's work challenge?

<p>That men's moral reasoning is superior to women's (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of ethical decision-making does the ethics of care highlight?

<p>The need to understand individual needs within networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means through which children acquire higher mental functions?

<p>Social interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'internalisation' refer to in this context?

<p>The transformation of external processes into internal processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what role does the more knowledgeable other (MKO) play in learning?

<p>They convey knowledge and assist in development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most important mental tool in a child's development?

<p>Language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level does Vygotsky identify as an essential part of social interaction for learning?

<p>Interpsychological and intrapsychological levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture relate to mental tools according to Vygotsky?

<p>Mental tools are unique to each culture and shape thinking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the social structuring process in learning according to Vygotsky?

<p>Interaction shapes how thinking is developed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky mean by 'mental tools'?

<p>Artefacts that convey cultural knowledge and influence thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of punishment on behavior?

<p>It decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a primary reinforcer?

<p>An intrinsic stimulus that satisfies a basic need. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the process of extinction?

<p>Reinforcement is no longer provided, leading to a decrease in behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does positive reinforcement affect behavior?

<p>It strengthens a behavior by adding a rewarding consequence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a secondary reinforcer?

<p>It requires learning and experiences to become rewarding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is satiation in the context of reinforcement?

<p>The point at which a previously rewarding stimulus loses its effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies positive punishment?

<p>A student loses recess time for talking in class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition must be met for effective reinforcement?

<p>The reinforcement must occur immediately after the behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using group reinforcement in a classroom setting?

<p>It leverages the influence of peers for motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does individual reinforcement help manage behavior in students?

<p>By reinforcing desirable behavior and penalizing misbehavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of lesson time do students typically spend on routine procedures?

<p>15% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory, what is sensory memory primarily responsible for?

<p>Temporary storage of new information from the senses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Multi-Store Model, what is rehearsal used for?

<p>To link new information to long-term memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does encoding refer to in memory processing?

<p>Transforming information into a form suitable for storage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the central executive play in memory processing?

<p>It controls what information working memory focuses on. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible effect of effective punishment techniques in a classroom?

<p>They can inform families and provide a structured response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the psychological dimensions experienced during adolescence?

<p>Imaginary audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to improved mood and overall well-being during adolescence?

<p>Participation in sports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional change experienced during adolescence?

<p>Mood swings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for meeting the nutritional demands of puberty?

<p>Balanced diet with sufficient protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes adolescent egocentrism?

<p>Increased self-awareness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does physical activity impact adolescence?

<p>Improves cardiovascular health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the establishment of one's values system during adolescence contribute to?

<p>Identity and role exploration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of developing coping strategies during adolescence?

<p>Helps overcome problems and crises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Higher Mental Functions

Abilities that develop through social interaction, including logical and abstract thinking, and language.

Internalisation

Transforming external processes into internal processes that guide action and thought.

Social Interaction

Learning through interaction with others, a co-construction between learner and teacher.

MKO (More Knowledgeable Other)

The person who has more knowledge or skills than someone else.

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Mental Tools

Artefacts—physical & mental—that express and pass on cultural knowledge.

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Language as a Mental Tool

The most important mental tool, passed on from adults and peers, shaping thinking.

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Interpsychological Level

The social interaction between individuals.

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Intrapsychological Level

The internalization of knowledge from social interaction.

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Reinforcer

A consequence that strengthens a behavior, increasing its frequency or likelihood of being repeated.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase its likelihood.

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Punishment

A consequence that weakens a behavior, decreasing its likelihood of reoccurrence.

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Extinction

Stopping reinforcement to reduce or eliminate a behavior.

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Primary Reinforcer

An unlearned stimulus inherently rewarding, like food or water.

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Secondary Reinforcer

A learned or conditioned stimulus that's rewarding through association, like money or praise.

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Positive Punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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Contiguity

Reinforcer occurs immediately after the behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant reinforcer to strengthen a behavior.

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Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcement given after every desired behavior, best for teaching new skills.

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Intermittent Reinforcement

Reinforcement given after some, but not all, desired behaviors, useful for maintaining learned behaviors.

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Reinforcement Schedules

The frequency with which reinforcement is delivered to achieve desired outcomes.

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Group Reinforcement

Rewarding or penalizing a group of people for their behaviors as a whole

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Individual Reinforcement

Rewarding or penalizing specific individuals for their actions

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Routines in Education

Establishing consistent procedures and actions in the classroom

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Multi-Store Model

A theory suggesting a pathway from short-term memory to long-term memory through rehearsal.

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Sensation

Receiving information through the five senses

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Sensory Memory

Brief storage of sensory input; holds information for a fraction of a second

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Long-term Memory

Permanent memory storage of information

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Encoding (Memory)

Process of storing information in long-term memory

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Ethics of Care

An ethical approach emphasizing relationships, empathy, and meeting individual needs within interconnected networks.

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Gilligan's Theory

A study highlighting how women often prioritize caring in moral reasoning.

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Moral Dilemmas

Situations needing ethical choices, often involving conflicts between different values.

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Societal Norms

Rules and expectations for behavior in a society.

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Feminist Ethics of Care

Approach emphasizing interconnectedness, compassion and the importance of relationships.

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Adolescent Development

Period of significant physical, emotional, and social changes in the teenage years marked by increased awareness of social interactions, emotional changes like mood swings, the development of sexual identity, and a desire for personal independence and exploring identity and values.

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Adolescent Egocentrism

The belief that others are constantly focusing on their actions, thoughts, and appearance.

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Peer Relationships

Importance of social connections with peers in adolescence, crucial for intimacy and emotional support.

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Adolescent Health

Focus on physical health through balanced diet and increased activity to support the changes of puberty and reduce risks of future health issues.

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Balanced Diet

Crucial nutrients like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein for growth and puberty support.

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Physical Activity

Participation in sports is key to adolescent health, boosting fitness and mental well-being via teamwork and discipline.

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Perspectives on Dignity & Equality

Developing understanding of human rights and individual dignity, essential in personal growth and social awareness.

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Abstract Thinking

Ability to think in complex and abstract ways, to see different viewpoints of others, and to develop strategies to solve problems and crises.

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Study Notes

EDU1205 Educational Psychology Week 12 Revision

  • Learning outcomes include reviewing the 5 Principles of Development, areas for revision for AT3 exam, key terminology, and applying knowledge through practice quizzes.

5 Principles of Development

  • Development involves progressive and orderly changes towards maturity. Changes typically occur in a predicatable order (e.g., crawling, walking, running).
  • Development is continuous and discontinuous/ uneven. Different parts of the body and brain develop at different times resulting in inconsistent progress. There are cascading events causing significant shifts in multiple domains. Examples include locomotion, language, and puberty as well as cultural events like starting school.
  • Development is a lifelong process. Development doesn't stop at a certain age; growth continues from infancy through adolescence, adulthood, and even into older age.
  • Development can vary from one person to another. Individuals develop at different rates in different domains. This variability can be influenced by multiple factors including genetic predisposition, environment, social influences. Males and females, and different ethnic groups show physical development differences.
  • There are multiple pathways, factors and contributors to development. Development is shaped by a combination of factors including innate, maturation, and environment.

Revision Focus Areas

  • Key theories, key theorists, models/stages, and ages relevant to education.
  • Key terminology and definitions.
  • Implications (strengths and weaknesses) and applications in the classroom.
  • Awareness of the relevance of theories for early, middle childhood and adolescence.

Key Theories, Models & Terminology

  • Principles of Development (Duchesne & McMaugh): Physical, cognitive, socio-emotional, socio-cultural, moral development.
  • Cognitive development (Piaget, 1971): Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational stages.
  • Socio-cognitive theory (Vygotsky, 1962): Sociocultural development, zone of proximal development (ZPD), social interaction, language as a mental tool.
  • Behaviourism (Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner): Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, extinction.
  • Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1978): Observational learning, modeling, reciprocal determinism.
  • Emotional Intelligence (Goleman, 1995): Self awareness, self regulation, social awareness, social skills.
  • Self-concept (Harter, 1982): The multifaceted self – non-academic views of oneself (social, physical self-concept), academic self-concept.
  • Identity (Erikson, 1950): Identity development as a continuous process, theory of Psychosocial Stages. 
  • Moral development (Kohlberg, 1958): Stages of moral development – Levels 1, 2, 3.

Memory

  • Short-term memory (working memory): Limited capacity, stores information temporarily (about a minute). Relevant for tasks such as phone numbers or sentence memorization. Functions as an important part of reading comprehension.
  • Long-term memory: Unlimited capacity, stores information permanently. Includes personal experiences/memories, facts, and figures.
  • Skill memory: Stores learned actions (cerebellum and basal ganglia). Examples include riding a bike or playing an instrument.

Practice Quiz (Activity 2)

  • Complete the provided practice quiz.

Physical Development

  • Covers height, weight, motor skills (fine and gross), coordination, brain development, puberty, coordination of emotions, sexual health, fertility, menopause, changes in senses, primary vs. secondary aging, and nutrition, and exercise.

Cognitive Development

  • Covers language development, logical thinking, mental processes, learning, understanding, abstract thinking, problem-solving, and the ability of the brain to change.

Socio-Emotional Development

  • Psychological vs. social elements.
  • Temperament, attachment, play, interactions, emotions, personality, self-esteem, relationships, roles in society, identity, and dating/romance. Related aspects of marriage, having children, career, family/friends, divorce, blended families, caring for elderly, family relationships, coping mechanism in different life stages.

Putting it together- Revision resource: The Learner Developing Over Time

  • Table summarizing developmental milestones in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Includes physical, language, cognitive, social, emotional and moral development.

Theories of Memory: The Multi-Store Model

  • Information flows from sensory memory to short-term memory and then to long-term memory through attention and rehearsal.
  • Expands on short-term and long-term memory functions. Discusses the role of attention and rehearsal in information processing.

Information Processing (IP) Terminology

  • Sensation
  • Sensory Memory
  • Attention
  • Working Memory
  • Long-term memory
  • Encoding
  • Retrieval
  • Elaboration
  • Central control
  • Central executive
  • Rehearsal

Executive Functioning

  • Set of mental skills including working memory, flexible thinking, self-regulation, planning, organizing, time-management, and emotional regulation.
  • Difficulty with executive functioning can lead to difficulties in focusing, following instructions, and emotional regulation.
  • Strategies to improve executive functioning include making lists, using planners, setting achievable goals, visual organization systems.

IP Teaching & Learning techniques

  • Awareness of various learning presentations styles.
  • Need for flexibility in teaching approaches to engage all students.
  • Understanding of learning tactics to aid in memory encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)

  • Human brains can only handle a small amount of new information at once.
  • Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) explains how to design lessons that maximize, minimize, or alter the amount of load the memory experiences to improve learning.
  • Three types of cognitive load in learning tasks: Intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive loads.

Metacognition (Weinert, 1987)

  • Process in which learners actively use knowledge of a task and themselves to plan, monitor and evaluate their learning process.
  • Includes knowledge about the task at hand, the process of learning, and knowledge of ourselves, as learners, and our strengths and weaknesses.
  • Metacognition involves the act of reflecting on our own thinking process and learning styles.
  • Includes activities like planning and identifying our weaknesses in a task.

Constructivism

  • Learner-centered experiences.
  • Importance of social interaction.
  • Knowledge is subjective and personal.
  • Instructional methods like inquiry-based learning, problem-based learning, and cooperative learning.

Development of Expertise: Cognitive Apprenticeships and Reciprocal Teaching

  • Cognitive apprenticeship and reciprocal teaching approaches.
  • Techniques to achieve these principles are outlined.

Stages of Psychosocial Development (Erikson, 1950).

  • Identity Development stages.
  • The stages describe individuals facing different developmental pressures at various life stages and how they positively or negatively influence identity development.

Moral Development (Kohlberg, 1958)

  • How people reason about right and wrong, encompassing the stages of: preconventional (punishment and obedience; individualism), conventional (interpersonal accord; social systems), and postconventional reasoning (social contract; universal ethical principles).

Adolescent Health

  • Includes physical activity, balanced diet, and sleep and rest.
  • Healthy habits are important components of health for adolescents and need to be incorporated into teaching and learning.

Adolescent Brain Development

  • The adolescent brain is highly adaptable and undergoing significant changes in structure and function.
  • Development of the brain includes greater connectivity, myelination, synaptic pruning.

Socio-cultural Development 

  • Sociocultural factors influence learning, cognition, and psychological processes.
  • Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory: Includes: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

Self-Acceptance and Body Image in Adolescents

  • Development of a healthy body image including self-acceptance.

Emotional Development and Regulation in Adolescence

  • Includes the development of emotional competencies and perspective-taking skills.

Learning Tactics - Memory-Directed Tactics

  • Techniques to help produce accurate storage, encoding and retrieval of information using repetition, mnemonic devices, acronyms, and associations, rhymes, chunking, keywords, mind maps, songs, and coding.

Feminist Ethics of Care (Gilligan, 1982; Noddings, 1984)

  • Focus on the importance of relationships and interconnectedness in moral decision-making highlighting empathy, compassion, and nurturing.

Self-Regulation Through the Development of Emotional Competencies and Perspective-Taking (Selman, 1980):

  • Discusses perspective-taking stages relevant to adolescence.

Learning Strategies (CLT)

  • This section contains general plans or strategies that learners can use for achieving a goal.

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Description

This quiz covers the key concepts of Educational Psychology as outlined in Week 12. Review the 5 Principles of Development and essential terminology in preparation for the AT3 exam. Engage with practice quizzes to apply your knowledge effectively.

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