Edexcel IGCSE Physics - Movement & Position
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What does a negative acceleration indicate about a train's movement?

  • The train is speeding up
  • The train is reversing direction
  • The train maintains constant speed
  • The train is slowing down (correct)

What is represented by a straight line on a velocity-time graph?

  • Constant acceleration or deceleration (correct)
  • No acceleration at all
  • Instantaneous speed
  • Variable acceleration

What does the slope of a line on a velocity-time graph represent?

  • The change in speed
  • The time taken for the journey
  • The magnitude of acceleration (correct)
  • The total distance traveled

Which of the following is true about the red line in a velocity-time graph?

<p>It represents increasing velocity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the units for measuring acceleration?

<p>Metres per second squared (m/s²) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the area under a velocity-time graph represent?

<p>The distance travelled by the object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the area calculated when the graph forms a triangle?

<p>Area = ½ × Base × Height (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the formula for calculating area under a rectangle in a velocity-time graph?

<p>Area = Base × Height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the enclosed areas under velocity-time graphs indicate?

<p>The total displacement in a time interval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When observing a velocity-time graph, what does the height of a rectangle signify?

<p>The constant velocity of the object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of the experiment detailed in the document?

<p>To investigate the motion of everyday objects by measuring their speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an independent variable in the described experiment?

<p>Distance moved by the object (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment is NOT listed as part of the method to measure speed?

<p>Light gates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be kept constant to ensure accurate results in the experiment?

<p>The object being measured (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct resolution of the stop clock used in the experiment?

<p>0.01 s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the average speed of an object in this context?

<p>Speed = Distance / Time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment, what height is specified for the drop of the object?

<p>1.0 m (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the tape measure in the experiment?

<p>To measure the distance moved by the object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an object to accelerate?

<p>It is changing its velocity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an object is slowing down, what is its acceleration classified as?

<p>Negative acceleration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of the Japanese bullet train, what is the initial velocity?

<p>50 m/s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is deceleration calculated in the given example?

<p>Using the change in velocity divided by time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the change in velocity for the Japanese bullet train?

<p>-8 m/s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a steep slope on a velocity-time graph indicate about the object's acceleration?

<p>The object's speed changes very quickly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative value for deceleration indicate about the train's motion?

<p>The train is decelerating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about a flat line on a velocity-time graph?

<p>The acceleration of the object is zero. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a train decelerates at a rate of -0.27 m/s², how long would it take to reduce its speed from 50 m/s to 42 m/s?

<p>30 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the acceleration in the example?

<p>a = ∆v / t (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the acceleration of an object be calculated from a velocity-time graph?

<p>By finding the gradient of the graph. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative gradient on a velocity-time graph represent?

<p>The object is decelerating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the meaning of a gentle slope on a velocity-time graph?

<p>The object's speed changes gradually. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Between which two time segments would you find the steepest slope on a velocity-time graph, indicating the highest acceleration?

<p>5 to 10 seconds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the gradient represent when analyzing a velocity-time graph?

<p>The acceleration of the object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of a sloping straight line on a velocity-time graph?

<p>The object is accelerating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you find the distance travelled during a specific time interval?

<p>By finding the area under the speed-time graph for that interval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does uniform acceleration refer to?

<p>Acceleration that remains constant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct rearrangement of the equation $v^2 = u^2 + 2as$ to find distance ($s$)?

<p>$s = \frac{v^2 - u^2}{2a}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a variable in the equation $v^2 = u^2 + 2as$?

<p>Time ($t$) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a car accelerates at 4 m/s² and moves a distance of 50 m, what can be concluded about its initial speed?

<p>The initial speed is 0 m/s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation must be performed to both sides of the equation to undo the squaring of $v$?

<p>Take the square root of both sides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be shown in addition to the final answer when rearranging equations in an exam?

<p>The working out process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided, what is the final speed of the car if it accelerates from rest at 2.5 m/s² to 16 m/s?

<p>16 m/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Core Practical: Motion

A scientific experiment designed to investigate the motion of objects, focusing on measuring their speed.

Aim of the Experiment

To determine the speed of an object by measuring the distance it travels and the time it takes.

Objects for Investigation

Everyday objects like paper cones or tennis balls are suitable for studying motion. They can be dropped or rolled to measure their speed.

Measuring Speed

Speed is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the time taken. It tells us how fast something is moving.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter in the experiment. In this case, it's the distance traveled by the object.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is being measured or observed in the experiment. Here, it's the time taken for the object to travel the chosen distance.

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Control Variables

Factors that are kept constant throughout the experiment to ensure a fair test. For example, using the same object for each measurement.

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Equipment and Resolution

Appropriate equipment, like a stopwatch and a ruler, are used to measure time and distance. The resolution of the measuring equipment is considered.

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What does a negative acceleration value indicate?

A negative acceleration value indicates that an object is slowing down.

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What are the units of acceleration?

The units of acceleration are meters per second squared (m/s²).

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What does a velocity-time graph show?

A velocity-time graph shows how the velocity of an object changes over time.

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What does a straight line on a velocity-time graph indicate?

A straight line on a velocity-time graph indicates constant acceleration (or deceleration).

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What information can you get from the slope of a velocity-time graph?

The slope of a velocity-time graph represents the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.

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Acceleration

The rate at which an object's velocity changes over time. It can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down).

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Deceleration

The negative acceleration of an object, meaning it is slowing down.

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Calculating Change in Velocity

The difference between an object's final velocity (v) and initial velocity (u), represented by ∆v = v - u.

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Calculating Acceleration

The ratio of the change in velocity (∆v) to the time taken (t). It is expressed as a = ∆v / t.

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Positive Acceleration

Occurs when an object is speeding up. The velocity is increasing in the direction of motion.

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Negative Acceleration (Deceleration)

Occurs when an object is slowing down. The velocity is decreasing in the direction of motion.

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Units of Acceleration

Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared (m/s²). This means how much the velocity (m/s) changes every second.

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Constant Acceleration

When an object's velocity changes at a steady rate over time. The acceleration remains the same throughout the period.

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Uniform Acceleration

Constant acceleration, meaning the rate of change in velocity stays the same over time.

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Equation for Uniform Acceleration

v² = u² + 2as, where v is the final speed, u is the initial speed, a is the acceleration, and s is the distance.

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Rearranging Equations

To solve for an unknown variable, use opposite operations on both sides of the equation.

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What does 'at rest' mean?

An object is at rest when it has zero initial velocity.

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Calculating Distance with Acceleration

The area under a velocity-time graph represents the distance traveled.

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Key Concepts

The area under a velocity-time graph represents the distance traveled.

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Area Under a Velocity-Time Graph

The area beneath a velocity-time graph represents the displacement of an object. This area is calculated using either a triangle formula (for acceleration or deceleration) or a rectangle formula (for constant velocity).

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Finding Distance on a Velocity-Time Graph

The total displacement (or total distance travelled) over a specific time interval is represented by the enclosed areas under a velocity-time graph.

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Triangle Area Formula

When a velocity-time graph forms a triangular shape (indicating acceleration or deceleration), the area can be calculated using the formula: Area = ½ × Base × Height

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Rectangle Area Formula

When a velocity-time graph forms a rectangular shape (indicating constant velocity), the area can be calculated using the formula: Area = Base × Height

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Displacement vs Distance

Displacement refers to the overall change in position from the starting point, while distance is the total path travelled. In a velocity-time graph, both are calculated using the area, but displacement considers the entire shape, whereas distance accounts for each individual segment.

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What does a steep slope on a velocity-time graph indicate?

A steep slope on a velocity-time graph indicates large acceleration, meaning the object's speed changes rapidly.

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What does a gentle slope on a velocity-time graph indicate?

A gentle slope on a velocity-time graph indicates small acceleration, meaning the object's speed changes gradually.

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What does a positive gradient on a velocity-time graph indicate?

A positive gradient on a velocity-time graph indicates increasing velocity, meaning the object is accelerating.

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What does a negative gradient on a velocity-time graph indicate?

A negative gradient on a velocity-time graph indicates decreasing velocity, meaning the object is decelerating.

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What does a flat line on a velocity-time graph indicate?

A flat line on a velocity-time graph indicates zero acceleration, meaning the object is moving with a constant velocity.

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How do you find the acceleration from a velocity-time graph?

The acceleration of an object can be determined by calculating the gradient of the velocity-time graph. This is done by dividing the change in velocity (∆y) by the change in time (∆x).

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What does a horizontal line on a velocity-time graph represent?

A flat, horizontal line on a velocity-time graph represents a period of constant velocity, meaning the object is moving at a steady speed.

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What does a sloping line on a velocity-time graph represent?

A sloping line on a velocity-time graph represents a period of acceleration, meaning the object's speed is changing.

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Study Notes

Edexcel IGCSE Physics - Movement & Position

  • Contents: Distance-Time Graphs, Speed, Core Practical: Investigating Motion, Acceleration, Velocity-Time Graphs, Area under a Velocity-Time Graph, Calculating Uniform Acceleration

  • Distance-Time Graphs: Show how distance changes over time for an object moving in a straight line from a starting point. A straight line indicates constant speed; the slope of the line corresponds to the speed's magnitude (steeper = faster). A flat line signifies the object is stationary. A curved line means changing speed (accelerating or decelerating).

  • Constant Speed on a Distance-Time Graph: Distance-time graphs display whether an object is moving at constant speed and the magnitude of that speed.

  • Changing Speed on a Distance-Time Graph: Represented by a curved line. An increasing slope indicates increasing speed (acceleration), and a decreasing slope means reducing speed (deceleration).

  • Calculating Speed from a Distance-Time Graph: Calculating speed involves finding the gradient of a distance-time graph. Speed = Change in distance/Change in time (Δy/Δx)

  • Core Practical: Investigating Motion: An experiment to measure the speed of objects by measuring the distance moved and the time taken. Equipment used includes a paper cone or tennis ball, stop watch, and a tape measure.

  • Acceleration: Defined as the rate of change in velocity. The formula used to calculate average acceleration is acceleration = change in velocity/time taken (Δv/t)

  • Uniform Acceleration Formula: (Final velocity)² = (Initial velocity)² + 2 * acceleration * distance (v² = u² + 2as)

  • Velocity-Time Graphs: Show how velocity changes over time. A straight line indicates constant acceleration/deceleration. The gradient of the line on velocity-time graph corresponds to the acceleration: acceleration = change in velocity/change in time (Δv/Δt). The area under a velocity-time graph represents the displacement of the object.

  • Constant Acceleration and Constant Velocity on a Velocity-Time Graph: A period of constant acceleration is demonstrated by a section showing a growing slope (positive or negative depending on the direction of acceleration). Constant velocity sections appear as flat lines.

  • Gradient of a Velocity-Time Graph: The gradient of a velocity-time graph represents the acceleration. acceleration = change in velocity/change in time, Δv/Δt.

  • Area Under a Velocity-Time Graph: The area underneath a velocity-time curve can be used to calculate the total distance traveled. The shapes are calculated, triangles (1/2 * base * height) and/or rectangles (base * height). For objects moving with constant acceleration and constant velocity, this works. This result is the total displacement.

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Edexcel IGCSE Physics Movement & Position PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts of movement and position in Edexcel IGCSE Physics, including distance-time graphs, speed, acceleration, and velocity-time graphs. You'll explore how to interpret and analyze these graphs, as well as practical applications for investigating motion. Test your understanding of these essential physics topics.

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