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Questions and Answers
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
- Compliance and transpulmonary pressures
- Compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
- The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid (correct)
- The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
- The Bohr effect
- The Haldane effect
- Chloride shifting (correct)
- Release of hydrogen ion
Gas emboli may occur because a ________.
Gas emboli may occur because a ________.
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
Complete the following statement: Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
Complete the following statement: Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
Which of the following is not possible?
Which of the following is not possible?
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.
Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.
Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
The statement, 'in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture' paraphrases ________.
The statement, 'in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture' paraphrases ________.
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
The larynx contains ________.
The larynx contains ________.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
Select the correct statement about the pharynx.
Select the correct statement about the pharynx.
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.
A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.
The main site of gas exchange is the ________.
The main site of gas exchange is the ________.
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
Which center is located in the pons?
Which center is located in the pons?
Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.
Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
No exchange of gases occurs here.
No exchange of gases occurs here.
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.
Composed of simple squamous epithelium.
Composed of simple squamous epithelium.
The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
Tidal volume is air ________.
Tidal volume is air ________.
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
Study Notes
Gas Laws and Relationships
- Boyle's Law describes the inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume.
- Dalton's Law states that total pressure in a gas mixture equals the sum of individual partial pressures.
Pulmonary Function and Mechanics
- Surfactant prevents alveoli collapse by reducing surface tension.
- Alveolar walls contain type I cells (gas exchange) and type II cells (surfactant secretion).
- Loudness of voice is determined by the force of airflow across vocal folds.
- The respiratory membrane consists of alveolar and capillary walls and fused basement membranes.
Respiratory Disorders
- Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and large air spaces.
- Tracheal obstruction can be life-threatening as it hinders airflow.
Factors Affecting Breathing
- Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rates regardless of carbon dioxide and oxygen levels.
- Breathing can be influenced by emotions and pain through signals from the limbic system to respiratory control centers in the medulla and pons.
Respiratory Rates and Volumes
- Newborns have a high respiratory rate of 40-80 breaths per minute under normal conditions.
- Tidal volume is the amount of air exchanged during normal breathing, while inspiratory reserve is the additional air that can be inspired after tidal volume.
Gas Exchange and Transport
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs primarily via diffusion.
- The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is carried as bicarbonate ions after entering red blood cells.
- The main site of gas exchange is in the alveoli.
Respiratory Control and Reflexes
- The pontine respiratory group in the pons helps regulate breathing patterns.
- Valsalva maneuver involves closing the glottis during forced expiration, increasing intra-abdominal pressure.
Lung and Airway Structure
- C-shaped cartilage rings maintain tracheal patency.
- Respiratory bronchioles mark the beginning of the respiratory zone.
Atmospheric and Physiological Changes
- An increase in altitude leads to erythrocyte count increase due to lower oxygen concentration.
- More oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at higher partial pressures, while a drop in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond.
Clinical Observations and False Statements
- False: The respiratory rate is lowest in newborns; it is actually among the highest.
- True: Smoking diminishes ciliary action and can lead to their destruction.
Additional Physiological Concepts
- Chloride shifting counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells.
- Effective gas exchange requires a thin respiratory membrane ranging from 0.5 to 1 micrometer.
Special Cases and Responses
- Gas emboli may occur when a diver holds his breath during ascent.
- Ventilation-perfusion coupling matches blood flow with area availability for gas exchange, enhancing efficiency.
General Knowledge Statements
- The lungs are perfused by pulmonary and bronchial circulations: the former oxygenates blood, while the latter nourishes lung tissues.
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