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Questions and Answers

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

Compliance and transpulmonary pressures

Compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid (correct)

The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

The Bohr effect

The Haldane effect

Chloride shifting (correct)

Release of hydrogen ion

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

diver holds his breath upon ascent Signup and view all the answers

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (A) Signup and view all the answers

Complete the following statement: Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere (D) Signup and view all the answers

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Boyle's law (D) Signup and view all the answers

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid (D) Signup and view all the answers

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds (B) Signup and view all the answers

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

secrete surfactant (C) Signup and view all the answers

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

emphysema (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not possible?

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

diffusion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient (B) Signup and view all the answers

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

friction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

medulla and pons (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli (A) Signup and view all the answers

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

increase of carbon dioxide (B) Signup and view all the answers

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

ciliated mucous lining in the nose (A) Signup and view all the answers

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

vital capacity (C) Signup and view all the answers

The statement, 'in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture' paraphrases ________.

Dalton's law (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick (D) Signup and view all the answers

The larynx contains ________.

the thyroid cartilage (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?

The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.

28 weeks (C) Signup and view all the answers

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

ventilation-perfusion coupling (A) Signup and view all the answers

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

alveoli (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which center is located in the pons?

pontine respiratory group (PRG) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

Kaposi's sarcoma (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

rising blood pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

blood pH adjustment (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage rings (B) Signup and view all the answers

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

No exchange of gases occurs here.

Segmental bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.

Type II cells Signup and view all the answers

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.

Respiratory bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Type I cells Signup and view all the answers

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Tidal volume is air ________.

exchanged during normal breathing (C) Signup and view all the answers

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

voluntary cortical control (B) Signup and view all the answers

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

inspiratory reserve (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gas Laws and Relationships

Boyle's Law describes the inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume.
Dalton's Law states that total pressure in a gas mixture equals the sum of individual partial pressures.

Pulmonary Function and Mechanics

Surfactant prevents alveoli collapse by reducing surface tension.
Alveolar walls contain type I cells (gas exchange) and type II cells (surfactant secretion).
Loudness of voice is determined by the force of airflow across vocal folds.
The respiratory membrane consists of alveolar and capillary walls and fused basement membranes.

Respiratory Disorders

Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and large air spaces.
Tracheal obstruction can be life-threatening as it hinders airflow.

Factors Affecting Breathing

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rates regardless of carbon dioxide and oxygen levels.
Breathing can be influenced by emotions and pain through signals from the limbic system to respiratory control centers in the medulla and pons.

Respiratory Rates and Volumes

Newborns have a high respiratory rate of 40-80 breaths per minute under normal conditions.
Tidal volume is the amount of air exchanged during normal breathing, while inspiratory reserve is the additional air that can be inspired after tidal volume.

Gas Exchange and Transport

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs primarily via diffusion.
The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is carried as bicarbonate ions after entering red blood cells.
The main site of gas exchange is in the alveoli.

Respiratory Control and Reflexes

The pontine respiratory group in the pons helps regulate breathing patterns.
Valsalva maneuver involves closing the glottis during forced expiration, increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

Lung and Airway Structure

C-shaped cartilage rings maintain tracheal patency.
Respiratory bronchioles mark the beginning of the respiratory zone.

Atmospheric and Physiological Changes

An increase in altitude leads to erythrocyte count increase due to lower oxygen concentration.
More oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at higher partial pressures, while a drop in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond.

Clinical Observations and False Statements

False: The respiratory rate is lowest in newborns; it is actually among the highest.
True: Smoking diminishes ciliary action and can lead to their destruction.

Additional Physiological Concepts

Chloride shifting counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells.
Effective gas exchange requires a thin respiratory membrane ranging from 0.5 to 1 micrometer.

Special Cases and Responses

Gas emboli may occur when a diver holds his breath during ascent.
Ventilation-perfusion coupling matches blood flow with area availability for gas exchange, enhancing efficiency.

General Knowledge Statements

The lungs are perfused by pulmonary and bronchial circulations: the former oxygenates blood, while the latter nourishes lung tissues.

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Questions and Answers

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

Complete the following statement: Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

Which of the following is not possible?

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

The statement, 'in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture' paraphrases ________.

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

The larynx contains ________.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

Which center is located in the pons?

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

No exchange of gases occurs here.

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.

Composed of simple squamous epithelium.

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

Tidal volume is air ________.

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Study Notes