Geography - Living World
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Questions and Answers

What role do plants play in an ecosystem?

  • Apex predators
  • Secondary consumers
  • Producers (correct)
  • Primary consumers

Secondary consumers primarily eat plants.

False (B)

What term describes the relationship where all aspects of an ecosystem rely on other parts?

Interdependence

In an ecosystem, _______ are known as non-living things, such as rocks and soil.

<p>abiotic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of consumers with their definitions:

<p>Primary consumer = Eats plants (herbivores) Secondary consumer = Eats other animals (carnivores/omnivores) Apex predator = An animal that has no natural predators Producer = Converts sunlight into nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

State the definition of an ecosystem.

<p>A community of plants and animals that interact with one another and their physical environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the two things that flow through an ecosystem.

<p>Nutrients (B), Energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Important _______ link ____ and ____ parts of the ecosystem together.

<p>interrelationships, abiotic, biotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a change in a food chain within an ecosystem?

<p>A chain reaction leading to ecosystem collapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biomass refers to the total quantity or weight of organisms in a specific area or ecosystem.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one human activity that can lead to ecosystem change.

<p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wolves introduced in Yellowstone National Park helped control the population of __________.

<p>vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is typically passed to the next trophic level in a food chain?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of alien species can have a neutral effect on ecosystems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the increase in wolves have on the geography of Yellowstone National Park?

<p>Wolves caused rivers to meander and reduced erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A food web is a network of interconnected __________ within an ecosystem.

<p>food chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of ecosystem change with their effects:

<p>Deforestation = Decrease in biodiversity Global Warming = Melting ice caps Insecticides = Decline in pollinator populations Hunting = Population extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why there is a decrease in biomass at each level of a food chain.

<p>With each level of a food chain, there is a decrease in biomass. This is because only 10% of energy is passed on from one step of a food chain/web to the next. This means that it is harder for species further up the food chain to get the energy they need to survive, therefore there are less of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name at least 3 ways energy is lost in an ecosystem.

<p>Growth, reproduction, respiration, movement, excretion, warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the case study for change in an ecosystem.

<p>Reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park</p> Signup and view all the answers

From the years of ____ to ____ there were ____ wolves introduced and on average there are an estimated ____ wolves present day.

<p>1995, 1997, 41, 120</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the reintroduction of 41 wolves in Yellowstone National Park, many species _____ increased such as ___ and mice. Wolves helped control the growing ___ population. This meant that more ______ grew. This was good because it meant the ____ population increased. The beavers built ___ in rivers which led to more _____ being created for ____ and fish. In this way, a _____ multiplier effect occurred.

However, wolves didn't just change the ______ but the ____ geography as well. This meant that the rivers _____ less and less erosion led to ____ forming. This was good because it is great for wildlife _____.

<p>populations, birds, deer, vegetation, beaver, dams, habitats, otters, positive, ecosystem, physical, meandered, pools, habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park it meant that there was now a ____ in the park. This means that levels of ____ decreases. This is bad because the park would receive less ____ from tourism. In this way a ____ multiplier effect occurs.

<p>danger, tourism, income, negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do deserts and rainforests form in relation to global atmospheric circulation?

<p>Rising air (at the equator and between the Ferrel and Polar cell) creates low pressure. Sinking air (between the Hadley and Ferrel cell and the poles) creates high pressure. Generally, rising air carries moisture which forms clouds and therefore producing precipitation leading on to the formation of tropical rainforests. Generally, sinking air is very dry, therefore skies are clear and there is very litter precipitation leading on to the formation of deserts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A biome is a large _____ consisting of a specific ___ and ___ which is spread across _____ and shares a common _____.

<p>ecosystem, flora, fauna, continents, climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the local factor that causes the creation of arid biomes.

<p>The rain shadow effect is when moist air is forced to rise because of mountains. Air condenses and precipitates, leaving the other side of the mountains to remain dry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thermohaline Circulation is the process of ocean currents carrying heat from the equator towards the poles.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biodiversity?

<p>A wide variety of plant and animal life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there so much life in a tropical rainforest?

<p>Constant rain and constant warmth and sunlight create the perfect conditions for plant growth throughout the year. Lots of plants mean there is lots of food for lots of animals as well as lots of habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nutrients?

<p>A natural substance that helps living things to survive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tropical rainforests have very soils which are very high quality due to their good growing conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ occurs as a result of an efficient nutrient cycle.

<p>Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the transfer of nutrients with how they take place:

<h1>Litter ----&gt; Soil = Litter decomposes</h1> <p>Soil ----&gt; Biomass = Uptake by roots Biomass ----&gt; Litter = Leaves fall, tissue dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the transfer of nutrients with how they take place:

<p>----&gt; Soil = Weathered rocks &lt;--- Soil = Loss by leaching ----&gt; Litter = Dissolved in rainfall &lt;--- Litter = Loss of runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the canopy layer in a forest?

<p>Intersects much of the rain and protects the layers below (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emergent trees do not receive as much sunlight as under canopy trees.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptations help poison dart frogs avoid predators?

<p>Poisonous skin secretion allows predators to learn not to eat them. Coloured flesh scares off predators. They are very small which means they are hard for predators to see and catch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buttress roots are big and thick like a _____ because they serve to support the ___ trees.

<p>tripod, tallest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lianas thrive in darkness and are found predominantly on the forest floor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environment condition that plants adapt to in the forest?

<p>Frequent rain and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tree types with their characteristics:

<p>Canopy Trees = Thick trunks, no leaf growth except at the top Emergent Trees = Tallest and straightest trees at the top Under Canopy Trees = Small and have poisonous skin secretions Forest Floor Trees = Dark fur and large eyes for camouflage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aye-ayes have large eyes to see in the ___ and have dark fur for _______. They are also _____ to hunt in the safety of darkness. They have a long ____ ____ to get in cracks and crevices to find prey.

<p>dark, camouflage, nocturnal, middle finger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of lianas in the forest?

<p>They are thick vines that wind their way up tree trunks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptations do dripleaves have? (Select all that apply)

<p>Waxy surface to stop extra moisture loss (A), Aims to get rainwater to roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are trees in the rainforest adapted to have a thick, tall, and straight trunk as well as to have no leaf growth anywhere but the top?

<p>In this way these adaptations help a tree to survive because it is more stable and it can reach the sunlight it needs for growth, saving energy for leaf growth at the top of the tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary economic benefit of palm oil production in Malaysia?

<p>It provides a high amount of employment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Logging is the main cause of deforestation in Malaysia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one consequence of deforestation on climate change.

<p>Less CO2 being absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Malaysia, approximately _____ of the country is covered by tropical rainforest.

<p>67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each cause of deforestation with its description:

<p>Development = Economic growth through land use Mineral Extraction = Clearing rainforests for mining and road construction Palm Oil Production = Clearing biodiversity, creating a monoculture of plam oil plantations Logging = Cleer felling where they chop all the trees in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Malaysia's biodiversity and how many species are found in the main range?

<p>25%, 600 species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soil erosion can occur within hours despite taking thousands of years for soil to form.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one positive impact of palm oil on the Malaysian economy?

<p>It provides employment opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hectares of palm oil plantation are there in Malaysia?

<p>1 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

State 2 reasons why palm oil is more profitable than other oil types.

<p>Palm oil is exstremely high yeilding in comparison to other oils and over 60% of supermarket products contain it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Malaysia has been the largest exporter of tropical wood since the ___s as a result from ____. It has been recently replaced by _____ logging.

<p>1980s, logging, selective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mining mainly __ and _____ is common in the Malaysian peninsula. Drilling for __ and __ has recently started on ____.

<p>tin, smelting, oil, gas, Borneo</p> Signup and view all the answers

State an effect caused by the loss of biodiversity.

<p>Undiscovered plants could have medical qualities, providing cures for diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct meanings of sustainability:

<p>Being able to do something forever without running out (A), Meeting our needs without preventing furure generations meeting theirs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match why we need to protect rainforests with the corresponding percentage:

<p>Percentage of medicines that come from rainforest plants = 25% Percentage of the world's oxygen that comes from tropical rainforests = 28% Percentage of the world's fresh water that comes from the Amazon Basin = 20% Not one of them = 24%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sustainable development strategies with their descriptions:

<p>Eco Tourism = Promotes responsible travel to natural areas Selective Logging = Allows for some trees to be harvested while preserving others FSC = Ensures sustainable forest management Blue Flag ecological program = Promotes environmental standards for beaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Trans-Alaskan pipeline is buried underground to protect permafrost.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major ecological issue does Greenpeace focus on in the Arctic and what other organisation helps to protect the arctic?

<p>Greenpeace campeings for a ban on oil drilling and large-scale fishing whil the WWF also helps to protect artic environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extreme temperatures in cold environments can cause oil spills, which destroy ____ environments.

<p>cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental statistics about Costa Rica with their corresponding values:

<p>Percentage of the world's biodiversity = 5% Percentage of the country protected by national parks and reserves = 25% Percentage of energy sustainably generated = 90% Ranking in sustainable development = 1st (Leader)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in selective logging?

<p>Strict monitoring of which trees will be and have been cut. There are fines and prosecution for illegal felling. There is regeneration work and replacement trees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how selective logging reduces deforestation.

<p>Deforestation is reduced because it is instead of chopping every tree in a forest down. This way it is easier for a forest to regenerate while not destroying entire ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following certifications are involved in Eco-tourism in Costa Rica? (Select all that apply)

<p>Green leaf for hotels (A), Blue flag for beaches and waterways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how eco-tourism in Costa Rica reduces deforestation.

<p>Deforestation is reduced because there is a lot of land with trees that connot be cut down. Deforestation is also reduced due to hotels trying to become more eco-minded and so there is less demand (e.g. for paper and wood products).</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) ___ the forest into parts. Every __ they harvest a couple trees in every part. They then leave that part to regenerate over __ years. They also make sure that ___ ___ work in safe conditions as well as making sure ____ ___ are well respected.

<p>divide, year, 50, lumber jacks, forest dwellers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) reduces deforestation.

<p>Deforestation is reduced because instead of cutting down entire portions of forest at once, trees are selected in specific areas. This allows the regeneration of trees to become easier and prevents the collapse of habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska was established in ___ and protects ___ million acres of economic development.

<p>1960, 19</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Trans-Alaskan pipeline allow? Why is it raised above the ground? What does it also allow Carribou to do?

<p>The Trans-Alaskan pipeline allows oil in the arctic to be transported without using ships. It is raised above the ground to prevent the hot oil melting the permaforst. It also allows the Carribou to move underneath it when they migrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold Environments are damaged by...

In Alaska, __ ___ ____ is a popular tourist activity. This creates ___ ____, and so other avoid the deep tracks which leads to the destruction of ______.

Cold environments are rich in ____ ______ and humans have to build ____ and _______ to access them. This leads to the destruction of ______.

Exstreme ________ can cause oil pipelines to break, leading to __ ____. This leads to the loss of _____.

<p>Off-road driving, deep tracks, vegetation, natural resources, roads, settlements, vegetation, temperatures, oil spills, habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is permafrost?

<p>Permanently frozen ground (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are tundra environments so fragile?

<p>The fact that in a tundra environment there is permafrost and less sunlight for a portion of the year means that it takes decades for tundra vegatation to establish explaining why the ecosystem is so fragile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

State at least 2 reasons why we should protect cold environments.

<p>The untouched wilderness is important for scientific study, the snow and ice reflect the sun's energy, indigenous people traditionally live here and there are many species of plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the adaptations of the Bearberry plant with the correct reasons behind them:

<p>Hairy stems = To retain its heat Red coloured berries = So birds are attracted to them so they distribute the seeds when they consume them Strong roots, grows only up to 15cm = To survive strong winds Leaves have a waxy/leathery surface = To help retain water needed for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the adaptations of the polar bear with the correct reasons behind them:

<p>Sharp teeth = To eat seals and walruses Small ears = To reduce loss of body heat Thick layer of fat = To keep itself insulated Large feet with rough pads = To stop them sinking in the snow and slipping on the ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the primary reasons why plants and animals have to adapt in the tundra biome.

<p>Low amounts of precipitation (A), Low levels of sunlight (B), Extreme cold temperatures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the examples of cold biomes.

<p>Tundra (B), Alpine (C), Polar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polar, tundra and alpine biomes all have - temperatures for long periods of time. The polar biome is a ____ and receives less than ___mm of precipitation every year unlike the ____ biome.

<p>sub-zero, desert, 250, tundra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the formation of cold biomes

<p>At the poles the air is sinking causing high pressure. The air is cooler because the sun's energy is less concentrated due to the tilt and curvature of the earth. This is also causes the darkness that the poles spend time in for half of the year. Tundra biomes also form due to local factors such as high altitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Svalbard has ____ perimeter residents, only __km of roads. Svalbard also lacks _____, is very ____ and the capital is called ______.

<p>2600, 50, resources, remote, Longyearbyen</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many tourists on average visit Svalbard every year?

<p>70,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Svalbard has one of the best _____ grounds in the world. For example ___ and _____ are popular.

<p>fishing, cod, herring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to get supplies to Svalbard?

<p>The island is very remote, it has only 1 airport and only 50km of road.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the positives and negatives of Svalbard to whether they are an opportunity or a challenge:

<p>= Coal is a resource found in Svalbard = Opportunity From mid-November to late January the sun never rises = Challenge Some jobs such as tourism do not exist in the winter = Challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Svalbard, mineral exstraction still provides employment from 500 people

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

State at least 2 ways tourism provides jobs for locals in Svalbard.

<p>Boat tours, guided tours, wildlife, hotels, restaurants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ecosystem

A community of living things (plants and animals) that interact with each other and their non-living surroundings.

Abiotic Factors

Non-living parts of the ecosystem, like rocks, water, and air.

Biotic Factors

Living parts of the ecosystem, like plants and animals.

Producer

An organism that makes its own food using sunlight, like plants.

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Consumer

An organism that gets its food by eating other organisms.

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Food Web

A network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem.

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Biomass

The total quantity or weight of organisms in a specific area of an ecosystem.

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Trophic Cascade

The process where the removal or addition of a top predator in a food web causes changes to lower trophic levels.

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Energy Flow through Food Chains

A decrease in biomass with each level in a food chain due to the transfer of only 10% of energy to the next trophic level.

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Deforestation

The destruction of forests, often for agriculture, logging, or urban development.

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Insecticides

Chemicals used to kill insects, potentially impacting food webs and causing harm to other organisms.

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Alien Species Introduction

The introduction of a species to an area where it did not naturally occur, potentially disrupting the existing food web.

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Interdependence

The interconnectedness and mutual dependence of organisms within an ecosystem.

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Interrelationships

The complex relationships and interactions between different organisms in an ecosystem.

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What is the Emergent layer?

The tallest layer of the forest, reaching up to 50 meters high, with trees that have thick, straight trunks and receive the most sunlight.

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What is the Canopy layer?

A continuous layer of trees that forms a 'roof' over the forest, intercepting most of the rain.

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What is the Under Canopy layer?

The layer below the canopy, where young trees are growing and waiting for their chance to reach the sunlight.

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What is the Forest Floor?

The darkest layer of the forest, where sunlight barely reaches.

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What are Buttress Roots?

Large, above-ground roots that act like supports for tall trees, helping them stay upright.

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What are Lianas?

Thick vines that wrap around tree trunks and climb through the forest layers.

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What are characteristics of Canopy Trees?

Thick and tall trunks with no leaves except at the top, helping them reach sunlight and stay stable. They have large, tripod-like roots for support.

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What are the characteristics of Emergent Trees?

Thick, tall and straight trunks, reaching the top of the canopy for maximum sunlight.

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What are characteristics of Under Canopy Trees?

Smaller trees with colorful flesh and poisonous skin, making them unappetizing to predators.

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What are characteristics of Forest Floor Animals?

They usually have large eyes and dark fur for camouflage, long middle fingers to find prey in crevices, and they hunt in the safety of the dark forest floor.

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Loss of Biodiversity

The loss of different plant and animal species in a particular area.

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Soil Erosion

The gradual wearing away and movement of soil due to factors like wind and water.

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Palm Oil

A potent vegetable oil derived from palm trees, used in numerous products, including food and cosmetics.

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Mineral Extraction

The extraction of natural resources like minerals and oil from the earth.

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Logging

The practice of cutting down trees for their timber.

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Development

The use of land for development purposes, including building houses, roads, and factories.

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Climate Change

The long-term changes in Earth's climate, caused by the increase in greenhouse gases.

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Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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Why Protect Rainforests?

Protecting a large portion of the Earth's oxygen production, fresh water supply, and biodiversity.

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Trans-Alaskan Pipeline

A pipeline that transports oil across the arctic while minimizing environmental impact.

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Government Role in Sustainability

Government regulations to ensure the protection of the environment.

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International Environmental Agreements

International agreements that aim to manage and safeguard sensitive regions.

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Conservation Groups

Organizations that advocate for the preservation of ecosystems.

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Ecotourism

A sustainable tourism approach that minimizes environmental impact.

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Selective Logging

A logging practice that selectively harvests mature trees, preserving overall forest structure.

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FSC (Forest Stewardship Council)

A certification system that promotes responsible forestry practices.

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Protecting Cold Environments

Protecting cold environments is important due to their unique characteristics, including untouched wilderness, diverse ecosystems, and indigenous populations.

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Study Notes

Ecosystem Definition

  • A community of plants and animals that interact with one another and their physical environment

Abiotic Factors

  • Non-living components (e.g., rocks, soil)

Biotic Factors

  • Living components (e.g., plants, animals)

Energy Flow

  • Energy (from the sun) and nutrients flow through an ecosystem

Food Chains/Webs

  • Plants are producers, converting sunlight into nutrients using photosynthesis
  • Animals that eat plants are primary consumers (herbivores)
  • Animals that eat other animals are secondary consumers (carnivores or omnivores)
  • Animals that are not eaten by other animals are apex predators

Interdependence

  • All parts of an ecosystem rely on each other for survival

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key components of ecosystems, including biotic and abiotic factors, energy flow, and the dynamics of food chains and webs. This quiz will assess your understanding of how various elements interact and depend on one another for survival.

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