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What is the primary purpose of sludge treatment?
Solid waste includes hazardous waste as stated in RA 9003.
False
What is the BOD5 of the treated wastewater discharged into Creek B?
12 mg/L
Under RA 9003, solid waste shall not include waste identified as __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a type of natural ecosystem?
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Micro-consumers in an ecosystem primarily consist of plants.
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What is the term used to describe the maximum number of organisms that the resources of an area can support?
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___ factors include all the living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment.
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Match the ecosystem category with its examples:
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Which component of the ecosystem is responsible for manufacturing food from inorganic substances?
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Abiotic factors include temperature, humidity, and sunlight.
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List two examples of macro-consumers.
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Which of the following functions is NOT associated with chloroplasts?
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Leucoplasts are responsible for the red, yellow, and orange colors of fruits and flowers.
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What is the function of guard cells in a leaf?
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The _______ contains both the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma.
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What is a symptom of ozone damage to plants?
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A concentration of 0.3 ppm of sulfur dioxide is enough to cause necrosis.
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What does NO2 stand for?
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Match the following pollutants with their effect on plants:
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What is the speed of sound in dry air at 20°C?
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Sound travels faster in air than in water.
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What type of sound waves are used by bats to locate prey?
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Sound waves are created by the vibration of __________ objects.
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Which of the following is NOT a use of ultrasonic waves?
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Match the following types of sound waves with their characteristics:
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Compression occurs when molecules are spaced far apart.
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The wavelength of a sound wave consists of one ________ and one rarefaction.
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What is the main purpose of the Philippine EIS System established by PD 1586?
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An Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) is not required for Environmentally Critical Projects (ECP).
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What does EIA stand for?
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The President's Proclamation 2146 identifies projects categorized as __________, resource extractive industries, and infrastructure projects.
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Match the characteristics to the correct type of Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA):
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an Environmentally Critical Area (ECA)?
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Environmentally Critical Areas can include locations that have been hard-hit by natural calamities.
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What is required before undertaking a declared Environmentally Critical Project?
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Study Notes
Ecosystem
- A functional unit of nature where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.
- The size of ecosystems can vary greatly, from a small pond to a large forest or a sea.
Two Categories of Ecosystems
- Terrestrial: Forest, grassland, and desert
- Aquatic: Pond, lake, wetland, river, and estuary
Two Classifications of Ecosystems
- Natural: Terrestrial & Aquatic
- Man-made: Aquarium, zoo, garden, orchard
Major Components of Ecosystem
- Inorganic substances: Carbon (C), nitrogen (N2), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), etc. These are involved in the material cycle.
- Organic compounds: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. The organic compounds link biotic and abiotic components.
- Climatic regime: Temperature, humidity, sunlight, and the amount of water.
- Producers: Green plants that are capable of manufacturing their food from simple inorganic substances.
- Macro-consumers: chiefly animals that eat or ingest other organisms or particulate organic matter.
- Micro-consumers: Bacteria and fungi which break down the complex compounds of dead remains of plants/animals.
Human Influences on Ecosystem
- Human activity can have substantial influence on ecosystems.
Environmental Vocabulary
- Abiotic factor: Physical and chemical factors that affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce.
- Biotic factor: All living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment.
- Carrying capacity: The maximum number of organisms the resources of an area can support.
Cell & Leaf Anatomy
- Three primary tissue systems make up leaves: The epidermis, the mesophyll, and the vascular bundle (veins).
- The opening under the leaf is called a stoma (plural: stomata).
- Mesophyll encompasses both the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma. It contains chloroplasts, and is the food production center for the plant.
- Vascular bundles transport water, minerals, and food throughout the leaf and to and from the main stem of the plant.
- Guard cells regulate the passage of gases and water vapor in and out of the leaf.
Pollutant Damage
- Ozone injures the palisade cells of leaves, causing the chloroplasts to condense. When the cell walls collapse, white spots called fleck appear.
- Continuous exposure to 0.5 ppm of NO2 can inhibit plant growth. Levels of NO2 in excess of 2.5 ppm for periods of four hours or more can lead to necrosis (surface spotting due to plasmolysis or loss of protoplasm).
- Sulfur dioxide injury is also characterized by necrosis, but occurs at lower levels. A concentration of 0.3 ppm for eight hours is sufficient to cause visible damage. Lower levels for longer periods of exposure will produce a diffuse chlorosis (bleaching).
Wastewater Treatment Process
- Sludge treatment: The primary sludge pumped from the bottom of the primary clarifiers, along with the continuous flow of waste activated sludge from the aeration/activated sludge process, must be treated to reduce volume and produce a usable end product.
Solid Waste Management
- Solid waste or refuse encompasses household, commercial, institutional, industrial, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/ non-toxic waste.
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Solid waste does not include:
- Waste identified or listed as hazardous waste (solid, liquid, gaseous, or semisolid) that may cause or contribute to death, serious or incapacitating illness, or acute/chronic effects on the health of people and other organisms.
- Materials for recycling.
How is Sound Produced?
- Sound is produced by the vibration of solid objects or the separation of fluids as they pass over, around, or through holes in solid objects.
- Vibration and/or separation of fluids causes the surrounding air to undergo alternating compression and rarefaction.
- Compression: When molecules are densely packed together. It's a high-pressure state.
- Rarefaction: When molecules are distanced from one another. It's a low-pressure state.
- The wavelength of a sound wave consists of one compression and one rarefaction.
Mediums and the Speed of Sound
- The speed of sound is dependent on the environment through which it travels.
- In dry air at 20°C, the speed of sound is 343 m/s.
- In room temperature seawater, sound waves travel at about 1531 m/s. (Sound travels faster in water).
- Sound generally travels faster in warmer conditions.
Types of Sound
- Infrasonic waves (infrasounds): Frequencies below 20 Hz. Inaudible to the human ear.
- Uses for infrasound: Detecting earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, mapping rock and petroleum formations underground, and studying activity in the human heart.
- Many animals use infrasonic waves to communicate, such as whales, hippos, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, and alligators, often over impressive distances.
- Ultrasonic waves (ultrasounds): Frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz. Inaudible to the human ear.
- Uses for ultrasound: Medical imaging, sample mixing, communication, and testing.
- In nature, bats emit ultrasonic waves to locate prey and avoid obstacles.
What is an EIA?
- The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is overseen by the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS) under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).
- EIAs are formulated into environmental management and monitoring plans.
PD 1586 - Philippine EIS System
- Established on June 11, 1978.
- Goal: Facilitate a balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection.
- Introduction of Environmentally Critical Projects (ECP) and projects within Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) that require an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
- No ECP or project within an ECA can occur without a secured Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC).
Environmentally Critical Projects and Areas
- Presidential Proclamation 2146, issued December 14, 1981.
- Proclaims certain areas and projects as environmentally critical and falling under the EIS system.
- The ECPs are categorized into: (1) heavy industries; (2) resource extractive industries; (3) infrastructure projects.
- ECAs include areas like national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, and potential tourist spots.
Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA)
- An area is considered an ECA if it exhibits any of the following characteristics:
- Areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, and sanctuaries.
- Areas set aside as aesthetic, potential tourist spots.
- Areas that serve as habitat for endangered or threatened species of indigenous Philippine wildlife.
- Areas of unique historic, archeological, geological, or scientific interests.
- Areas traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes.
- Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural calamities.
- Areas with critical slopes.
- Areas classified as prime agricultural lands.
- Recharged areas of aquifers.
- Water bodies.
- Mangrove areas.
- Coral reefs.
What is an ECC?
- An Environmental Compliance Certificate is a document that certifies that a project has been assessed for potential environmental impacts and that mitigation measures have been put in place to minimize those impacts.
- The issuance of an ECC is a prerequisite for the implementation of projects deemed to be environmentally critical. It is a key component of the Philippine EIS System, ensuring that projects are carried out in a sustainable manner.
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Description
Test your knowledge on ecosystems, their components, and classifications. This quiz covers both natural and man-made ecosystems, as well as the major inorganic and organic substances involved. Challenge yourself to understand how various ecosystems function.
