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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
Which type of biodiversity is concerned with the variety of genes within a species?
Which type of biodiversity is concerned with the variety of genes within a species?
What is the term for the process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to usable forms?
What is the term for the process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to usable forms?
What is the final stage of ecological succession?
What is the final stage of ecological succession?
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What is the direction of energy flow in a food chain?
What is the direction of energy flow in a food chain?
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Study Notes
Ecosystem
Food Chains
- A series of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level being consumed by the next
- Energy flows from one level to the next, with some energy being lost as heat
- Producers (plants, algae) convert sunlight into energy, which is then passed to:
- Primary consumers (herbivores) that eat producers
- Secondary consumers (carnivores) that eat primary consumers
- Tertiary consumers (top predators) that eat secondary consumers
- Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem
Biodiversity
- The variety of different species, genes, and ecosystems in an environment
- Includes:
- Species diversity: number of different species in an ecosystem
- Genetic diversity: variety of genes within a species
- Ecosystem diversity: variety of ecosystems in a region
- Importance:
- Maintains ecosystem resilience and stability
- Provides ecosystem services (e.g. pollination, pest control)
- Offers potential for new medicines, foods, and other resources
Ecological Succession
- The process of change in species composition in an ecosystem over time
- Types:
- Primary succession: occurs in areas with no previous vegetation (e.g. after volcanic eruption)
- Secondary succession: occurs in areas with existing vegetation (e.g. after forest fire)
- Stages:
- Pioneer species: first species to colonize an area
- Intermediate species: species that replace pioneers
- Climax community: stable, mature ecosystem
Nutrient Cycling
- The process of nutrients being converted between different forms, making them available to organisms
- Key nutrients:
- Carbon (C)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Processes:
- Nitrogen fixation: conversion of atmospheric N to usable forms
- Denitrification: conversion of usable N back to atmospheric N
- Decomposition: breakdown of organic matter, releasing nutrients
- Uptake: organisms absorb nutrients from the environment
Food Chains
- A series of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level being consumed by the next
- Energy flows from one level to the next, with some energy being lost as heat
- Producers (plants, algae) convert sunlight into energy, which is then passed to:
- Primary consumers (herbivores) that eat producers
- Secondary consumers (carnivores) that eat primary consumers
- Tertiary consumers (top predators) that eat secondary consumers
- Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem
Biodiversity
- The variety of different species, genes, and ecosystems in an environment
- Includes species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity
- Maintains ecosystem resilience and stability
- Provides ecosystem services (e.g. pollination, pest control)
- Offers potential for new medicines, foods, and other resources
Ecological Succession
- The process of change in species composition in an ecosystem over time
- Types: primary succession and secondary succession
- Stages:
- Pioneer species: first species to colonize an area
- Intermediate species: species that replace pioneers
- Climax community: stable, mature ecosystem
Nutrient Cycling
- The process of nutrients being converted between different forms, making them available to organisms
- Key nutrients: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P)
- Processes:
- Nitrogen fixation: conversion of atmospheric N to usable forms
- Denitrification: conversion of usable N back to atmospheric N
- Decomposition: breakdown of organic matter, releasing nutrients
- Uptake: organisms absorb nutrients from the environment
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Description
Learn about the flow of energy in ecosystems through food chains, from producers to top predators, and the role of decomposers.