Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
Which type of biodiversity is concerned with the variety of genes within a species?
What is the term for the process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to usable forms?
What is the final stage of ecological succession?
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What is the direction of energy flow in a food chain?
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Study Notes
Ecosystem
Food Chains
- A series of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level being consumed by the next
- Energy flows from one level to the next, with some energy being lost as heat
- Producers (plants, algae) convert sunlight into energy, which is then passed to:
- Primary consumers (herbivores) that eat producers
- Secondary consumers (carnivores) that eat primary consumers
- Tertiary consumers (top predators) that eat secondary consumers
- Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem
Biodiversity
- The variety of different species, genes, and ecosystems in an environment
- Includes:
- Species diversity: number of different species in an ecosystem
- Genetic diversity: variety of genes within a species
- Ecosystem diversity: variety of ecosystems in a region
- Importance:
- Maintains ecosystem resilience and stability
- Provides ecosystem services (e.g. pollination, pest control)
- Offers potential for new medicines, foods, and other resources
Ecological Succession
- The process of change in species composition in an ecosystem over time
- Types:
- Primary succession: occurs in areas with no previous vegetation (e.g. after volcanic eruption)
- Secondary succession: occurs in areas with existing vegetation (e.g. after forest fire)
- Stages:
- Pioneer species: first species to colonize an area
- Intermediate species: species that replace pioneers
- Climax community: stable, mature ecosystem
Nutrient Cycling
- The process of nutrients being converted between different forms, making them available to organisms
- Key nutrients:
- Carbon (C)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Processes:
- Nitrogen fixation: conversion of atmospheric N to usable forms
- Denitrification: conversion of usable N back to atmospheric N
- Decomposition: breakdown of organic matter, releasing nutrients
- Uptake: organisms absorb nutrients from the environment
Food Chains
- A series of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level being consumed by the next
- Energy flows from one level to the next, with some energy being lost as heat
- Producers (plants, algae) convert sunlight into energy, which is then passed to:
- Primary consumers (herbivores) that eat producers
- Secondary consumers (carnivores) that eat primary consumers
- Tertiary consumers (top predators) that eat secondary consumers
- Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem
Biodiversity
- The variety of different species, genes, and ecosystems in an environment
- Includes species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity
- Maintains ecosystem resilience and stability
- Provides ecosystem services (e.g. pollination, pest control)
- Offers potential for new medicines, foods, and other resources
Ecological Succession
- The process of change in species composition in an ecosystem over time
- Types: primary succession and secondary succession
- Stages:
- Pioneer species: first species to colonize an area
- Intermediate species: species that replace pioneers
- Climax community: stable, mature ecosystem
Nutrient Cycling
- The process of nutrients being converted between different forms, making them available to organisms
- Key nutrients: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P)
- Processes:
- Nitrogen fixation: conversion of atmospheric N to usable forms
- Denitrification: conversion of usable N back to atmospheric N
- Decomposition: breakdown of organic matter, releasing nutrients
- Uptake: organisms absorb nutrients from the environment
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Description
Learn about the flow of energy in ecosystems through food chains, from producers to top predators, and the role of decomposers.