Ecosystem Dynamics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines a population in an ecosystem?

  • All populations interacting in a specific environment
  • The total number of species in an ecosystem
  • A group of individuals from the same species living in the same area (correct)
  • All living organisms in a given area

Which of the following accurately describes an ecosystem?

  • A community and its physical and chemical environment (correct)
  • Only the living organisms in an area
  • A group of distinct communities within a geographical space
  • The abiotic components of an area without any living organisms

In a food chain, what role does a primary consumer play?

  • They consume primary producers (correct)
  • They are at the top of the food chain
  • They feed on secondary consumers
  • They produce their own food

What is the main difference between a food chain and a food web?

<p>Food chains are less complex than food webs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about trophic levels is true?

<p>Autotrophs are found in the first trophic level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an ecosystem if there is a significant increase or decrease in the population of one species?

<p>It can cause a cascading effect throughout the ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of heterotrophs?

<p>They rely on consuming other organisms for energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the variety of species present within an ecosystem?

<p>Biodiversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the sequence of organisms that feed on one another?

<p>Food chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are abiotic factors in an ecosystem?

<p>Weather and temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism through which natural selection operates?

<p>Survival of individuals with more favorable variations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is likely to enhance an individual's fitness?

<p>Beneficial mutations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mutations is true?

<p>Mutations can be caused by environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation?

<p>It introduces random gene combinations into offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'fitness' in the context of evolution?

<p>An organism's ability to survive and reproduce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are harmful mutations less likely to be present in future generations?

<p>They are selected against in the process of natural selection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely effect of beneficial mutations over generations?

<p>They accumulate and become more common. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the randomness in gene combination during sexual reproduction?

<p>Each offspring receives a random assortment of genes from each parent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing temperature have on enzyme reactions up to a certain point?

<p>Increases the number of reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature are human enzymes optimally adapted to function?

<p>37°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of pH values being away from an enzyme's optimal range?

<p>The enzyme becomes denatured. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does feedback inhibition work in enzyme activity?

<p>It turns off an enzyme via its end product. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the reaction rate when there are more substrate molecules available?

<p>It increases until enzyme availability limits it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human digestive system is involved in mechanical digestion?

<p>Mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is pepsin primarily active in the human digestive system?

<p>Stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do accessory organs play in digestion?

<p>They aid digestion but do not handle food directly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in allopatric speciation?

<p>A physical barrier separates a population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast does photosynthesis primarily occur?

<p>Thylakoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary output of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>ATP and NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the inputs for the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?

<p>NADPH, ATP, and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are ATP molecules produced during the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Using an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gradualism in speciation suggest?

<p>Speciation occurs at a slow, steady pace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs during photolysis in photosynthesis?

<p>Water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During cellular respiration, what is the primary energy currency produced?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as the electron carrier in the light-dependent reactions?

<p>NADP+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of barrier is essential for allopatric speciation to occur?

<p>Physical barrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the glucose produced in photosynthesis?

<p>It may be stored for energy or used in cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the light-dependent reactions, what is generated as a byproduct?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP in cellular processes?

<p>Usable form of energy for cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does paleontology play in the study of evolution?

<p>It provides evidence through the study of fossils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes homologous features?

<p>They share an evolutionary origin but may serve different functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept is supported by the fossil record in evolution?

<p>Fossils can illustrate species' changes over long periods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which evidence of evolution deals with the geographical distribution of species?

<p>Biogeography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does artificial selection demonstrate about evolution?

<p>It provides evidence that dramatic changes can occur over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception was associated with Lamarckism?

<p>Acquired traits can be inherited by offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much genetic similarity do humans share with chimpanzees?

<p>96% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vestigial features?

<p>Structures that have lost their apparent use but have an evolutionary origin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of studying embryology in evolutionary biology?

<p>It shows the similarities in early development stages among different species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important aspect of evolution does biochemistry provide evidence for?

<p>The similarities and differences in DNA among species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bicarbonate ions in the digestive process?

<p>They neutralize HCl from the stomach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of trypsin in the small intestine?

<p>It breaks long chain polypeptides into shorter peptides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the final digestion of proteins into amino acids?

<p>Erepsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of bile salts in fat digestion?

<p>They emulsify fat globules to increase surface area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the absorption of carbohydrates primarily occur?

<p>In the small intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the diaphragm during breathing?

<p>It facilitates the movement of air in and out of the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

<p>Alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes bronchitis?

<p>Narrowing of bronchial tubes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type is voluntary and striated?

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during expiration?

<p>The diaphragm relaxes and moves up. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily involved in the physical digestion of lipids?

<p>Emulsifying by bile salts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of emphysema?

<p>Smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the role of the intercostal muscles?

<p>They move the rib cage during breathing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biosphere

The narrow zone around Earth that supports life, extending from the ocean floor to the atmosphere.

Biotic Factors

Living things within an ecosystem, such as plants and animals.

Abiotic Factors

Non-living things within an ecosystem, such as rocks, minerals, temperature, and weather.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.

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Community

All the populations of different species living in a given area.

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Ecosystem

Consists of both biotic and abiotic components, including the community of organisms and its physical and chemical environment.

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Biodiversity

The number of species in an ecosystem.

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Food Chain

A sequence of organisms that feed on each other, starting with producers and continuing with consumers.

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Producers

Organisms who can make their own food, like plants using photosynthesis.

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Consumers

Organisms who cannot make their own food and must eat other organisms for energy.

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Biogeography

The study of the geographic distribution of life on Earth.

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Evolution

A scientific theory explaining how organisms change over time and the diversity of species on Earth.

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Homologous Features

Structures within different species that share a similar structure but serve different functions, indicating a common ancestor.

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Artificial Selection

The process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, showing how evolution can occur.

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Vestigial Features

Structures with no apparent use, indicating a past evolutionary origin.

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Fossils

The preserved remains or traces of past organisms, providing evidence of evolution.

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Analogous Features

Structures that serve similar functions but have different evolutionary origins; not evidence of common ancestry.

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Lamarckism

The first evolutionary theory that proposed acquired characteristics are inherited by offspring (incorrect).

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Paleontology

Study of fossils; a crucial discipline for understanding evolution.

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Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

The theory that states that species change over time through natural selection, driven by variations in traits and survival.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing these traits on to their offspring.

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Mutations

Permanent alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism. These changes can be caused by environmental factors or errors during DNA replication.

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Fitness

The measure of an organism's reproductive success. Organisms with higher fitness are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.

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Harmful Mutations

Mutations that have a negative impact on an individual's ability to survive and reproduce. These mutations are typically selected against by natural selection.

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Neutral Mutations

Mutations that have no impact on an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.

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Beneficial Mutations

Mutations that enhance an individual's ability to survive and reproduce. These mutations are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.

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Sexual Reproduction

The process by which offspring inherit a combination of genes from two parents, leading to variation in traits.

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Enzyme Denaturation

The process by which enzymes lose their shape and ability to function, often due to extreme temperatures or pH levels.

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Optimal Temperature for Enzyme Activity

The optimal temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.

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Optimal pH for Enzyme Activity

The optimal pH level at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.

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Enzyme Catalysis

The process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by an enzyme.

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Feedback Inhibition

A type of enzyme regulation where the final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an earlier enzyme in the pathway.

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Digestion

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb.

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Mechanical Digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by chewing, churning, and grinding.

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Chemical Digestion

The chemical breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules by enzymes.

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Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species due to geographic isolation.

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Gradualism

A model of evolution that proposes that species evolve gradually over long periods of time.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

A model of evolution that proposes that species evolve rapidly in short bursts, followed by periods of little to no change.

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Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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Glucose

The primary energy storage molecule in cells.

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ATP

The cells' primary usable form of energy.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is captured and used to produce ATP and NADPH.

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Photoexcitation

The process of exciting an electron in chlorophyll by sunlight.

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Photolysis

The splitting of water molecules by light energy to replace electrons lost in photoexcitation and produce oxygen as a byproduct.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of electron carriers that allows energy to be released in usable amounts for ATP production.

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Chemiosmosis

The process of using the energy of an electrochemical gradient to produce ATP.

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Reduction of NADP+

The reduction of NADP+ to NADPH using excited electrons from photosystem I.

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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

The second stage of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose using the energy of ATP and NADPH.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

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What neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum?

Bicarbonate ions that neutralize the HCl from the stomach. This neutralization protects the lining of the duodenum.

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What does trypsinogen convert into? What is its action?

Trypsinogen is converted into its active form: trypsin by an enzyme called enterokinase. Trypsin breaks long chain polypeptides into shorter chain peptides.

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What converts short chain peptides into single amino acids?

Erepsin is secreted by the small intestine and completes the digestion of proteins by converting short chain peptides into single amino acids.

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How is starch broken down in the small intestine?

Pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of carbohydrates started by salivary amylase by further breaking down starch into disaccharides. The small intestine releases disaccharidases that complete the digestion of carbohydrates.

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What are lipids digested into? What enzyme is responsible?

Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids.

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What is the function of bile salts?

Bile salts are produced by the liver and aid in the mechanical digestion of fats. They break down globules of fat into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for lipase action.

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What are the roles of the nasal cavity in breathing?

The nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens the air we breathe. It is lined with hair and mucus to trap foreign particles.

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What is the function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?

The pharynx is a channel at the back of the mouth that branches into the esophagus and trachea. It conducts air from the nose/mouth to the larynx.

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What is the role of the epiglottis?

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea when food is swallowed, preventing food from entering the airway.

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What is the function of the trachea?

The trachea is a tube supported by cartilage that carries air to the lungs.

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What is the role of the larynx in the respiratory system?

The larynx is located at the top of the trachea. It contains the vocal cords, which produce sound when air passes through them.

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What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?

The bronchi are passages that branch off from the trachea to the left and right lungs. They are supported by cartilage.

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What are the smallest branches of the airways called?

Bronchioles are the smallest branches of the bronchi and are not supported by cartilage. They carry air to the alveoli.

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Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, where gas exchange occurs. Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries and is made of a thin layer of cells allowing for efficient gas exchange.

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What is the diaphragm and what is its function?

The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity (lungs) from the abdominal cavity (stomach and liver). It contracts to help expand the chest cavity during inspiration, allowing air to fill the lungs, and relaxes during expiration, pushing air out.

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What are intercostal muscles and how do they work with the diaphragm?

Intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and contract to move the rib cage upwards during inspiration, and relax to allow it to lower during expiration. They work together with the diaphragm to move air in and out of the lungs.

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What is bronchitis?

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes a narrowing of airways and excess mucus production. It leads to cough and difficulty breathing.

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What is asthma?

Asthma is a condition that causes airways to narrow down in response to allergens or environmental triggers, leading to breathing difficulties.

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What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria or viruses, causing alveoli to fill with fluid or pus. This can lead to reduced gas exchange and difficulty breathing.

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What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a condition that destroys the walls of the alveoli and reduces their elasticity. It makes gas exchange difficult and can lead to difficulty breathing, increased breathing rate, and a strain on the heart.

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Study Notes

Bio 20 Units A, B, C, and D1 Crash Course

  • Bio 20 is a course covering Units A, B, C, and D1.
  • Effective note-taking is crucial; research indicates a 34% chance of remembering key concepts if noted, compared to only 5% if not.
  • Choose a note-taking strategy you find useful, whether it’s summaries, visual aids, or diagrams.

Earth's Spheres

  • The biosphere is the narrow zone around Earth that harbors life.
  • The biosphere extends from the bottom of the ocean into the atmosphere.

Components of the Biosphere

  • The biosphere consists of biotic and abiotic factors.
  • Biotic factors are living things, including plants and animals.
  • Abiotic factors are nonliving things, including rocks, minerals, temperature, and weather.

Terminology

  • A population is a group of individuals from the same species living in the same area.
  • A community is all the populations in a given area, encompassing all living things.
  • An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic components, encompassing the community of organisms and its physical and chemical environment.
  • Biodiversity is the number of species in an ecosystem.

Food Chains

  • A food chain links organisms that feed on each other.
  • It starts with producers (making their own food), followed by primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
  • Organisms that feed on secondary consumers are known as tertiary consumers.
  • Decomposers are also part of the chain.

Food Webs

  • Food webs show feeding relationships in an ecosystem, including multiple food chains.
  • They're more realistic representations of ecosystems than food chains.

Trophic Levels

  • Trophic levels categorize organisms by how they obtain energy.

  • The first trophic level contains autotrophs (producers).

  • Higher trophic levels contain heterotrophs (consumers).

  • Autotrophs produce their own food.

  • Heterotrophs consume other organisms or organic material for energy.

Energy Transfer

  • Only about 10% of energy at a given trophic level is passed to the next.
  • The rest is lost as heat.

Thermodynamics

  • Thermodynamics studies energy transformations.
  • The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
  • The second law indicates during any transformation, some energy is converted to thermal energy (heat).

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is used by green plants to turn solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose.
  • This process supports the entire ecosystem.
  • More green plants translate to more energy in the ecosystem

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is the breakdown of glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.
  • All organisms, including plants, use this process.
  • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main fuel source in organisms.

Chemosynthesis

  • Chemosynthesis, unlike photosynthesis, doesn't rely on solar energy.
  • Deep-sea environments contain chemoautotrophs that convert inorganic chemicals into organic compounds.

Water Cycle

  • Includes stages like evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Ground Water/Surface Water

  • Percolation is the downward movement of water through soil, carrying dissolved organic matter.
  • Leaching is a related process.

Carbon Cycle

  • Processes like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, combustion, decomposition, sedimentation, and uplifting move carbon.

Earth's Atmosphere

  • The composition of Earth's atmosphere has changed over time.
  • Early atmosphere contained water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
  • The modern atmosphere is primarily nitrogen and oxygen.

The Nitrogen Cycle

  • Key processes in the nitrogen cycle include nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, and denitrification, all performed by bacteria.

Phosphorus Cycle

  • A cyclical process where phosphorus is found in rocks, fossils, and sediments.
  • The cycle also includes short-term absorption by plants and animals.

Ecotones

  • Ecotones are transition zones between ecosystems.
  • They show a mixture of organisms and conditions from neighboring ecosystems.
  • In ecotones, biodiversity is often higher.

Ecological Niches

  • An ecological niche describes an organisms role in its ecosystem.
  • It includes its place in the food web, habitat, breeding area, activity time, and necessary survival and reproduction actions.
  • Different species occupy different niches to avoid competition for resources.

Biomes

  • Biomes are large areas of similar climate.
  • Canada has four major terrestrial biomes: tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, and grasslands.

Taiga Ecosystem

  • Taiga is a boreal forest of coniferous trees.

  • Conifers are well adapted to the cold, dry winters and warm, moist summers of this biome.

  • These trees have adaptations like needles for water retention and pyramid shapes for snow shedding.

  • Soil in taiga ecosystems is slightly acidic with varying water content.

Grassland Ecosystem

  • Grassland ecosystems are rich in fertile soil, have warmer temperatures, yet low precipitation.
  • Grasses and other plants adapted for lower precipitation flourish.

Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

  • This ecosystem is situated between grasslands and taigas in central Alberta.
  • Deciduous trees like poplars, birches, and aspens dominate.
  • Soils are rich and fertile and precipitation is moderate.

Tundra

  • Tundra is Earth's most northern and coldest biome.
  • It has low precipitation and few trees.
  • Animals like polar bears, arctic foxes, and caribou inhabit the region.

Tropical Rainforest

  • Located near the equator, the tropical rainforest is known for high biodiversity.
  • High temperatures and rainfall values make it a productive ecosystem.

Forestry Practices

  • Slash and burn and clear cutting are common forestry practices to harvest timber.
  • Consequences of these methods include soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and changes to water quality.

Selective Cutting

  • A more sustainable method of harvesting timber while retaining some mature trees and promoting natural regeneration.

Lake Types

  • Oligotrophic lakes are deep, cold, and have low nutrient levels.
  • Eutrophic lakes are shallow, warm, and have high nutrient levels.

Taxonomy

  • Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.
  • The current system uses eight or more levels.

Binomial Nomenclature

  • This is a system for naming organisms using two parts: Genus and species (e.g., Homo sapiens).

Evolution

  • Evolution is the theory for how organisms change over time.
  • A theory accounts for all observed scientific evidence.

Evidence of Evolution

  • Fossils—the remains of past life.
  • Biogeography—the study of the distribution of plants and animals.
  • Anatomy—comparing the structures of organisms and seeing common ancestors.
  • Embryology—comparing the early developmental stages.
  • Artificial Selection—human-induced changes in plants and animals.
  • Biochemistry—comparing genetic material and similarities in organisms.

Lamarckism

  • Lamarck proposed the principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics; though incorrect, it was an early idea on evolutionary adaptations

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

  • Individuals within a species constantly struggle for survival.
  • Those with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
  • Favorable traits then become more common in the population over successive generations.

Source of Variation

  • Mutations—changes in DNA can create new traits.
  • Sexual Reproduction - mixing of parental genes produces unique combinations of traits.

Allopatric Speciation

  • Speciation occurs when a population physically separates—leading to variations due to natural selection—forming new species.

Rate of Speciation

  • Gradualism suggests speciation occurs gradually.
  • Punctuated Equilibrium speculates rapid bursts of change followed by periods of stability.

Other Topics

  • Note the summaries of photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes, including their inputs, outputs, and locations within the cell.
  • Includes summaries of different types of enzymes and factors affecting enzyme reactions.
  • Covers the human digestive, respiratory systems.

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Bio 20 Units A, B, C, D1 Crash Course PDF

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Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of ecosystems, including populations, food chains, and food webs. This quiz will challenge your understanding of trophic levels, natural selection, and the role of different species within an ecosystem.

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