Economics: Demand Curve Shifts
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An individual's income decreases significantly. How would this change in income most likely affect the individual's demand for both new cars (a normal good) and instant noodles (an inferior good)?

  • Demand for new cars increases, and demand for instant noodles decreases.
  • Demand for new cars decreases, and demand for instant noodles increases. (correct)
  • Demand remains constant for new cars, and demand increases for instant noodles.
  • Demand increases for both new cars and instant noodles.

Assume that coffee and tea are substitutes. If the price of coffee increases substantially, what is the most likely effect on the demand curve for tea?

  • There is no change in the demand curve for tea.
  • The supply curve for tea shifts to the left.
  • The demand curve for tea shifts to the left.
  • The demand curve for tea shifts to the right. (correct)

If the price of gasoline increases, what is the most likely effect on the demand for large, non-fuel-efficient vehicles, assuming gasoline and these vehicles are complementary goods?

  • Demand for large, non-fuel-efficient vehicles will increase.
  • The supply of large, non-fuel-efficient vehicles will increase.
  • Demand for large, non-fuel-efficient vehicles will decrease. (correct)
  • There will be no change in the demand for large, non-fuel-efficient vehicles.

A local community experiences a significant increase in population due to new job opportunities. How will this demographic change likely impact the overall market demand for housing in the area?

<p>The market demand curve for housing will shift to the right. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consumers anticipate a significant decrease in the price of smartphones in the near future. What is the most likely immediate impact on the current demand for smartphones?

<p>The current demand for smartphones will decrease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is required to resolve a surplus in the market?

<p>Producers must decrease the price to reach equilibrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a shortage in the market?

<p>The quantity supplied is less than the quantity demanded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions would lead to an increase in the price of a good?

<p>An increase in demand only. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would cause the price of goods to fall?

<p>An increase in supply only. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the market for electric vehicles experiences both increased demand and decreased supply simultaneously, what is the most likely outcome?

<p>The equilibrium quantity will decrease, and the equilibrium price will increase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would most likely cause a shift in the demand curve for a product?

<p>A change in consumer preferences for the product. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the law of supply, what is the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied, all other factors being constant?

<p>Price and quantity supplied are directly related. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an upward-sloping supply curve indicate about the relationship between price and quantity supplied?

<p>A direct relationship where higher prices lead to higher quantities supplied. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a significant increase in the cost of raw materials used in production typically affect the supply curve for the finished product?

<p>Shift the supply curve to the left. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the implementation of advanced technology in the production process typically impact the supply curve?

<p>It shifts the supply curve to the right due to decreased production costs and increased output. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a large number of new sellers enter a market, what is the likely effect on the supply curve?

<p>The supply curve will shift to the right. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assume the market for smartphones is perfectly competitive. What would be the most likely impact of a new government regulation that requires all smartphone manufacturers to use a specific, more expensive type of screen?

<p>The supply curve for smartphones will shift to the left. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A local bakery upgrades its ovens with more efficient, energy-saving models. How would this technological improvement likely affect the bakery's supply curve for bread?

<p>Shift the supply curve to the right, as production costs decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the demand schedule, what happens to the quantity demanded of good "A" as the price increases from $50 to $100?

<p>The quantity demanded decreases by 5 units. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most likely cause a demand curve to shift to the right?

<p>A decrease in the price of a complementary good. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a significant improvement in the quality of a product, along with a successful advertising campaign, most likely affect its demand curve?

<p>Shift the demand curve to the right, indicating an increase in demand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming that ramen noodles are an inferior good, what would be the likely impact on the demand curve for ramen noodles if there is a significant increase in average consumer income?

<p>The demand curve for ramen noodles would shift to the left. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the demand for a product increases while the supply remains constant, what is the likely effect on the equilibrium price and quantity?

<p>Price increases, quantity increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a new study reveals that consumption of a particular food is highly beneficial for health, how would this information likely impact the demand curve for that food?

<p>Shift the demand curve to the right, indicating increased demand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a market where the supply of a good decreases. Assuming demand remains constant, what will likely happen to the equilibrium price and quantity?

<p>Price increases, quantity decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company releases a new smartphone with innovative features, but it quickly gains a reputation for frequent malfunctions. How would this most likely affect the demand curve for this smartphone?

<p>The demand curve would shift to the left due to the poor quality reputation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely outcome of a government-imposed price ceiling set below the equilibrium price?

<p>A shortage of the good. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in wealth, distinct from income, typically affect the demand for luxury goods?

<p>It increases the demand, shifting the demand curve to the right. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When Valentine’s Day approaches, the demand curve for roses shifts to the right. What does this shift indicate?

<p>An increase in the quantity of roses consumers want to purchase at each price. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If consumers suddenly expect a significant increase in the price of gasoline next month, how would this expectation likely affect the current demand curve for gasoline?

<p>Shift the current demand curve to the right as consumers stock up before the price increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assume both the supply and demand for a product increase simultaneously. Which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur?

<p>Equilibrium quantity will increase, and the change in equilibrium price is uncertain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a technological advancement lowers the cost of producing smartphones, what changes would you expect to see in the market equilibrium?

<p>Price decreases, quantity increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose a new study reveals that coffee has significant health benefits. Assuming the supply of coffee remains constant, what is the likely impact on the coffee market?

<p>An increase in both equilibrium price and quantity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a price ceiling typically affect market efficiency and the overall welfare of society?

<p>It reduces market efficiency due to shortages and can lead to a decrease in overall welfare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If sellers anticipate a future increase in the price of their goods, what is the likely impact on the current supply curve?

<p>The supply curve will shift to the left, indicating decreased supply. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a perfectly competitive market, what primarily determines the prices of goods and services?

<p>The agreement between buyers and sellers through the forces of supply and demand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition defines market equilibrium?

<p>Quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided oil market data, what is the equilibrium price and quantity?

<p>Price = $100, Quantity = 35 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does a surplus occur in the market?

<p>When quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the price of oil is set at $120 per barrel, based on the provided data, what is the state of the market?

<p>Surplus of 10 units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose the oil market is currently in equilibrium. If a new technology reduces the cost of oil extraction, what is the likely effect on the equilibrium price and quantity, assuming demand remains constant?

<p>Equilibrium price will decrease, and equilibrium quantity will increase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where consumers expect a significant increase in the price of oil next month due to geopolitical tensions. How would this expectation likely impact the current oil market?

<p>Current demand for oil would increase as consumers stock up in anticipation of higher prices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Normal Goods

Goods whose demand increases as income increases.

Inferior Goods

Goods whose demand increases as income decreases.

Substitute Goods

Goods that can replace each other in consumption.

Complementary Goods

Goods that are used together; demand increases for one when the price of the other falls.

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Demand Shift Factors

Elements like number of buyers and future expectations that can shift demand curves.

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Demand Schedule

A table showing the quantity demanded at different prices.

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Demand Curve

A graphical representation of the quantity demanded at various prices.

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Right Shift of Demand Curve

Indicates an increase in demand for a product.

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Left Shift of Demand Curve

Indicates a decrease in demand for a product.

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Tastes and Preferences

Consumer likes or dislikings that affect demand.

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Quality of Product

The standard of a product that influences its demand.

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Income & Wealth

Changes in consumer income that affect demand for goods.

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Normal and Inferior Goods

Normal goods see increased demand with higher income, inferior goods see decreased demand.

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Excess Supply

A condition where quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, leading to surplus.

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Equilibrium Price

The price at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, balancing the market.

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Shortage

A situation where quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, creating excess demand.

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Change in Demand

A shift in the demand curve causing a change in the equilibrium price and quantity.

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Factors Affecting Price

Changes in supply or demand can lead to rising or falling prices of goods and services.

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Determinants of Demand

Factors that cause shifts in the demand curve, like income and preferences.

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Law of Supply

States quantity supplied is directly related to price, other things constant.

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Supply Schedule

A table showing quantities supplied at different prices.

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Supply Curve

A graph that shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied.

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Input Prices

Costs of production factors like wages and materials affecting supply.

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Technology's Impact on Supply

Advanced technology decreases costs and increases supply, while poor tech has the opposite effect.

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Number of Sellers

The total number of firms in the market affects supply; more sellers increase supply.

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Equilibrium

The point where supply equals demand in a market.

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Increase in Demand

When demand rises, leading to higher prices and quantities.

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Decrease in Demand

When demand falls, resulting in lower prices and quantities.

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Increase in Supply

When supply rises, causing lower prices and higher quantities.

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Decrease in Supply

When supply falls, resulting in higher prices and lower quantities.

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Price Ceiling

A government-imposed limit on how high a price can go, set below equilibrium.

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Market Shortage

When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied due to low prices.

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Competitive Equilibrium

The state where market forces of supply and demand are balanced.

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Expectation of Future Price Increase

An anticipation that prices will rise, leading to an increase in supply.

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Expectation of Future Price Decrease

An anticipation that prices will fall, resulting in a decrease in supply.

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Supply Curve Shift to the Right

An increase in supply indicated by a rightward shift of the supply curve.

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Supply Curve Shift to the Left

A decrease in supply shown by a leftward shift of the supply curve.

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Market Equilibrium

The point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, determining the market price.

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Surplus

Occurs when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at a certain price.

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Study Notes

Microeconomics - Chapter 4: Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium

  • Markets: Arrangements bringing buyers and sellers together to exchange goods and services. Markets have two main components: demand and supply.

  • Demand: Indicates how much of a good consumers are willing and able to buy at each possible price during a given time period, other factors constant.

  • Law of Demand: The quantity demanded of a good varies inversely with its price. Higher price, lower quantity demanded; lower price, higher quantity demanded.

  • Demand Schedule: A table showing the quantity demanded at various prices, holding other factors constant.

  • Demand Curve: A graphical representation of the demand schedule, plotting quantity demanded at different prices. The curve slopes downward, reflecting the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.

  • Determinants of Demand (Factors Shifting the Demand Curve): Factors, other than price, influencing the quantity demanded. These factors can cause the entire demand curve to shift to the right (increase in demand) or to the left (decrease in demand).

    • Tastes and Preferences: If a product becomes more fashionable or desirable, demand increases and the curve shifts right. Conversely, a decrease in desirability shifts the curve left.
    • Quality: High-quality products increase demand; poor-quality products decrease demand.
    • Income and Wealth: Normal goods have increased demand with increased income. Inferior goods have decreased demand with increased income.
    • Availability and Prices of Related Goods: Substitute goods (like Coke and Pepsi) - an increase in the price of one increases demand for the other. Complementary goods (like cars and petrol) - an increase in the price of one decreases demand for the other.
    • Number and Scale of Buyers: Larger numbers of buyers increase demand; smaller numbers decrease demand.
    • Buyer's Expectations about the future: Expected future income increases or price increases will increase demand today. Expected future income decreases or price decreases will decrease demand today.
  • Change in Quantity Demanded: A movement along the demand curve in response to a price change.

  • Change in Demand: A shift of the entire demand curve due to a change in a factor other than price.

  • Supply: Indicates how much of a good producers are willing and able to offer for sale per period at each possible price, other factors constant.

  • Law of Supply: The quantity supplied of a good varies directly with its price. Higher price, higher quantity supplied; lower price, lower quantity supplied.

  • Determinants of Supply (factors shifting the supply curve): Factors, other than price, influencing the quantity supplied. These factors can cause the supply curve to shift to the right (increase in supply) or to the left (decrease in supply).

    • Input Prices: Higher input costs (wages, materials) decrease supply.
    • Technology: Advances in technology increase supply. Conversely, technological setbacks decrease supply.
    • Number and Scale of Sellers: More sellers increase supply. Fewer sellers decrease supply.
    • Sellers' Expectations: Expected future price increases or better economic conditions increase supply; vice-versa decreases supply.
  • Market Equilibrium: The point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. At this point, there is no tendency for price to change. The equilibrium price and quantity are stable.

  • Surplus (Excess Supply): When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at a given price. To eliminate the surplus, the market price will fall.

  • Shortage (Excess Demand): When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at a given price. To eliminate the shortage, the market price will increase.

  • Changes in Equilibrium: Changes in either demand or supply will shift the equilibrium price and quantity.

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Examine how changes in income, prices of related goods, population, and expectations affect demand. Understand market surpluses and actions to resolve them. Learn about shifts in the demand curve.

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