Economic Inequality Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which principle states that income can be ranked regardless of who is earning it?

  • Population Principle
  • Inequality Principle
  • Relative Income Principle
  • Anonymity Principle (correct)
  • What does the term 'economic inequality' primarily refer to?

  • The total wealth of a nation
  • The levels of poverty within a country
  • The distribution of economic attributes like income or wealth (correct)
  • The wealth held by the government
  • What does the Population Principle imply about changes in population size?

  • It does not affect inequality if income class proportions remain constant (correct)
  • It affects the overall wealth of a country
  • It positively impacts the understanding of income inequality
  • It solely affects the number of low-income earners
  • Which measure of inequality is explicitly described by the Gini Coefficient?

    <p>Complete measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the range as a measure of income inequality?

    <p>It ignores individuals between the richest and poorest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Relative Income Principle, what is essential in determining inequality?

    <p>Only relative income matters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of inequality is defined as the difference in incomes of the richest and the poorest individuals, divided by the mean?

    <p>R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of inequality considers the distance from average income in its calculation?

    <p>Mean Absolute Deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Kuznets Ratio compare?

    <p>The share of income of the richest x % to the poorest y %.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Coefficient of Variation is defined in terms of which statistical concept?

    <p>Standard deviation divided by the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which income inequality measure is based on pairwise comparisons of incomes?

    <p>Gini Coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Coefficient of Variation?

    <p>Weighting larger deviations from the mean more heavily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not satisfy the Dalton Principle in measuring inequality?

    <p>Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when a transfer is made from a poorer individual to a richer individual, according to the Dalton Principle?

    <p>Inequality increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the Anonymity Principle?

    <p>It is unaffected by how income is assigned to individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher value of the inequality index I indicate?

    <p>Greater levels of inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cloning affect the measure of inequality according to the Population Principle?

    <p>It has no impact on the inequality measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is illustrated by the Lorenz curve?

    <p>Cumulative shares of income earned by increasing fractions of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Lorenz Criterion measure?

    <p>The degree of inequality between income distributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about an inequality measure that is Lorenz-consistent?

    <p>It indicates where one distribution's Lorenz curve lies in relation to another's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle implies that taking from the poor to give to the rich must worsen inequality?

    <p>Dalton Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Economic Inequality

    • Economic inequality pertains to uneven distribution of economic attributes like income or wealth among individuals within a country or between countries.
    • Examines how total income is distributed among a country’s citizens and the wealth held by the richest compared to the poorest.
    • Key motivations for studying inequality:
      • Intrinsic: Reducing inequality can be a goal.
      • Functional: Inequality influences other economic performance indicators (e.g., growth).

    Measurement of Inequality

    • Understanding economic inequality requires measurement methods.
    • Relative inequality compares income distributions over time or between regions/countries.

    Principles of Measurement

    • Anonymity Principle: Income ranking is independent of individual identities; only ranks matter.
    • Population Principle: Changes in population size do not affect inequality as long as income class proportions remain constant.
    • Relative Income Principle: Only relative income differences are significant; scaling all incomes uniformly does not modify inequality levels.
    • Dalton Principle: Transfers from poorer to richer individuals increase overall inequality; regressive transfers worsen inequality.

    Lorenz Curve

    • Illustrates cumulative income shares earned by progressively increasing population fractions, ordered from poorest to richest.
    • A perfectly equal income distribution represents a 45-degree line (Lorenz curve).
    • The gap between the Lorenz curve and the 45-degree line visually indicates the extent of inequality.

    Lorenz Criterion

    • An inequality measure is Lorenz-consistent if it ranks distributions accordingly, based on their Lorenz curves.

    Numerical Measures of Inequality

    • Numerical summaries provide clear rankings of income distributions when Lorenz curves cross complicate ranking.

    Key Inequality Measures

    • Range: Difference between the highest and lowest income.
    • Kuznets Ratio: Compares income shares of different population segments.
    • Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): Average deviation of incomes from the mean, expressed as a fraction of total income.
    • Coefficient of Variation (CV): Standard deviation of income divided by the mean, emphasizing large deviations.
    • Gini Coefficient: Reflects pairwise income comparisons, highlighting total income inequality.

    Formulae Relevant to Inequality Measures

    • Range:

      • R = (ym - y1) / μ
      • Basic measure that overlooks middle incomes and violates Dalton Principle.
    • Kuznets Ratio:

      • Compares the richest x% of income to the poorest y% of income.
    • Mean Absolute Deviation:

      • M = Σ(nj(yj - μ)) / μ
      • May not conform to Dalton Principle in certain income distributions.
    • Coefficient of Variation:

      • C = (1/m) * Σ((yj - μ)²) / μ
      • Captures greater deviations from mean income and adheres to measuring principles.
    • Gini Coefficient:

      • G = (1/(2nμ)) * ΣΣnj*nk|yj - yk|
      • A comprehensive measure of overall income inequality through pairwise comparisons.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of economic inequality, focusing on how income and wealth are distributed within and between countries. It also delves into the motivations for studying inequality and the principles behind measuring it. Understanding these elements is essential for grasping the broader implications of economic disparities.

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