Economic Growth and GDP Concepts

Questions and Answers

Which type of unemployment is primarily caused by downturns in the economy?

Frictional unemployment

Structural unemployment

Cyclical unemployment (correct)

Seasonal unemployment

What effect do higher interest rates generally have on economic growth?

They result in slower economic growth. (correct)

They lead to increased consumer spending.

They stimulate investment in business.

They have no significant impact on growth.

Which factor does NOT influence interest rates?

Default risk

Weather patterns (correct)

Foreign interest rates

Central bank operations

What does the balance of payments represent?

A country's economic transactions with the rest of the world. Signup and view all the answers

How is inflation primarily measured?

With the Consumer Price Index (CPI) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of rising inflation?

Rise in interest rates and slower economic growth Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the calculation of GDP?

Market value of all final goods and services produced Signup and view all the answers

How does the income approach to measuring GDP function?

It totals all incomes earned in the production of goods and services. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of monthly and quarterly GDP reports?

To track short-term market activity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines a final good?

An item purchased by the ultimate end consumer Signup and view all the answers

What could happen if intermediate goods were included in GDP calculations?

GDP would be overstated and provide a misleading economic picture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the production approach in measuring GDP?

To assess the total output produced by different sectors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes economic growth?

An increase in the GDP over a given period Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an intermediate good?

The computer chip used in the manufacture of a computer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is not a method used to measure GDP?

Population approach Signup and view all the answers

What action must investors holding Canadian dollars take to invest in U.S. dollar-denominated securities?

Exchange Canadian dollars for U.S. dollars Signup and view all the answers

How does selling Canadian dollars to invest in the U.S. affect the value of the Canadian dollar?

It places downward pressure on the Canadian dollar Signup and view all the answers

What measure can the Bank of Canada take to slow the depreciation of the Canadian dollar?

Raise short-term interest rates Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary responsibilities of the Bank of Canada regarding inflation?

Keep inflation low and stable Signup and view all the answers

What happens to interest rates when the inflation rate is expected to rise?

They increase to compensate for diminished purchasing power Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of higher interest rates on economic growth?

It negatively affects growth prospects Signup and view all the answers

How does a commitment to low inflation influence interest rates?

Interest rates drop as risk of rising inflation is seen as lower Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the influence of central banks on an economy?

They raise and lower short-term interest rates to stabilize the economy Signup and view all the answers

If the Bank of Canada raises interest rates while underlying Canadian economic conditions are unchanged, what is the likely intended effect?

To attract foreign investments by ensuring higher returns Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of falling short-term interest rates?

Positive economic growth through increased borrowing Signup and view all the answers

What does the participation rate specifically measure in the labour market?

The share of the working-age population that is part of the labour force Signup and view all the answers

Which group is not categorized under those unable to work?

Homemakers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the unemployment rate?

It can rise even if the number of employed individuals remains constant. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines discouraged workers?

Individuals who have stopped looking for work due to lack of opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence a rise in the unemployment rate?

A fall in the number of employed and a rise in those seeking work Signup and view all the answers

Which category does the labour force include according to the defined groups?

People who are working and those actively looking for work Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the working-age population?

It can be divided into those unable to work, not working by choice, and the labour force. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the employment status of individuals in correctional facilities?

They are not categorized as part of the labour force. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of labour market indicators, what does a high unemployment rate generally indicate?

Economic instability and potential job losses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the labour market participation rate is accurate?

It reflects the proportion of the working-age population engaged in the labour force. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for a central bank to implement negative interest rates?

To stimulate economic growth by incentivizing lending Signup and view all the answers

Which country was noted for experiencing negative yields on Treasury bills for the first time on March 25, 2020?

United States Signup and view all the answers

Why might Canadian interest rates generally remain higher than those in the U.S.?

Because of fundamental economic factors Signup and view all the answers

What unusual circumstance can lead to the implementation of negative interest rates?

If a central bank exhausts conventional monetary policy options Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential risk if U.S. government bond market yields move into negative territory?

Negative interest rates appearing in Canada Signup and view all the answers

How did the COVID-19 pandemic influence monetary policy in the United States?

It prompted aggressive monetary and fiscal policy programs Signup and view all the answers

What effect do negative interest rates have on commercial banks?

They compel banks to lend more money Signup and view all the answers

In which regions did negative interest rates predominantly occur prior to 2020?

European Union countries and Japan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about inflation is true?

Prices for goods can rise, fall, or remain unchanged Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs when commercial banks face negative interest rates?

They attempt to decrease their reserves Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

GDP represents the total market value of final goods and services produced within a country over a specific time period.
Economic growth is measured by the change in GDP between two periods.
Final goods are those purchased by the end user, while intermediate goods are used in the manufacturing of final goods.

Measurement of GDP

Three main approaches to measure GDP:
- Expenditure Approach: Calculates total spending by consumers, businesses, and governments, including investments and trade flows.
- Income Approach: Based on the total income earned by factors of production within the economy.
- Production Approach: Measures the value added at each stage of production.

Labour Market Overview

Working-age population includes individuals aged 15 and older, categorized into groups:
- Unable to Work: Includes institutionalized individuals.
- Not Working by Choice: Includes students, homemakers, retirees, and discouraged workers.
- Labour Force: Comprises those currently working and those actively seeking employment.

Labour Market Indicators

Participation Rate: Indicates the proportion of the working-age population involved in the labor force, highlighting labor market engagement.
Unemployment Rate: Represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed yet actively seeking work; affected by fluctuations in employment levels.

Interest Rates and the Economy

Central banks, like the Bank of Canada, influence economic conditions by adjusting short-term interest rates.
Higher interest rates can hinder economic growth, whereas lower rates typically encourage expansion.
Negative interest rates can occur when conventional stimulus measures are maximized, incentivizing banks to lend more.

Inflation Effects

Inflation is characterized by a sustained increase in prices across the economy, measured using the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Rising inflation can reduce investment value and lead to increased interest rates, dampening economic growth.

Economic Policy Overview

Economic policies include fiscal (government spending and taxation) and monetary (control of the money supply) measures, affecting the overall investment environment.
The Bank of Canada plays a critical role in maintaining economic stability through its policies and interventions.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its significance in measuring economic growth. You'll learn about final goods, intermediate goods, and how GDP reflects the overall health of an economy over time. Test your understanding of these essential economic principles.