Economic Geography and Population Dynamics
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Questions and Answers

What is one key advantage of using GDP as a measure of a country's economic strength?

It is easy to calculate.

How does HDI differ from GDP in terms of what it measures?

HDI measures a country's quality of life, focusing on health, education, and income.

Why might GDP not fully reflect a country's economic conditions?

It ignores inequality and quality of life.

What is one disadvantage of the Robinson map projection?

<p>It does not perfectly preserve size, shape, distance, or direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do natural resources contribute to spatial significance?

<p>Natural resources are unevenly spread, shaping wealth but not always ensuring prosperity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does arable land play in a country's economic independence?

<p>It allows countries to grow food, rely less on trade, and earn from food exports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are choke points significant in terms of spatial significance?

<p>They control the movement of goods and vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a large skilled population have on a country's economy?

<p>It boosts trade and economies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does infrastructure play in economic growth and human health?

<p>Infrastructure is essential for facilitating trade, transportation, and access to essential services, which underpin economic growth and improve human health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do geographical features contribute to national defense?

<p>Geographical features like mountains and deserts serve as natural barriers, enhancing national defense by making invasion difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between a pattern and a trend in geographical contexts.

<p>A pattern is a repeated arrangement while a trend refers to a consistent change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a Human ↔ Nature interrelationship.

<p>An example is greenhouse emissions leading to climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who studies population trends, and what is their title?

<p>A person who studies population trends is called a demographer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is overpopulation and its potential impact?

<p>Overpopulation occurs when there are too many people for the available resources, potentially leading to resource depletion and environmental degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Summarize Julian Simon's perspective on population growth.

<p>Julian Simon believed that technology would improve resources and that humans are capable of adapting to resource limitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of 'dependency load' in population studies.

<p>Dependency load refers to the percentage of the population that relies on the working-age group, impacting economic productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the Sustainable Development Goal #1?

<p>To end poverty everywhere and ensure access to basic needs for all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two objectives of the Sustainable Development Goal #3.

<p>To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic weakness of the Mercator projection?

<p>It distorts the size of landmasses, making regions near the poles appear larger than they actually are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main environmental goal of Sustainable Development Goal #12?

<p>To reduce carbon emissions and promote the use of renewable energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between the true shape of the Earth and a common map projection.

<p>The true shape of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, while map projections must flatten it, leading to distortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sustainable Development Goal #2 aim to achieve?

<p>To end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gall-Peters projection accurately show, and what is its primary weakness?

<p>It shows true relative sizes of landmasses but distorts their shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two global challenges that the Sustainable Development Goals address?

<p>Poverty and inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population characteristic is typically observed in countries with a decreasing population pyramid?

<p>A small young group and a large middle group, indicating low birth rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does immigration influence the shape of a population pyramid in a stable country?

<p>Immigration results in a more even distribution of people across age groups, contributing to constant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the defining characteristics of an expansive population pyramid?

<p>A broad base representing a high birth rate and many young people, with a smaller older group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does total stock refer to in the context of natural resources?

<p>Total stock refers to the complete amount of all environmental components that could be used as resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the implications of a stationary population pyramid.

<p>It indicates balanced proportions across age groups with low birth and death rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of resources are categorized as non-renewable?

<p>Resources that cannot be replaced once they are extracted, such as fossil fuels and metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population changes are indicated by a declining birth rate?

<p>A predicted decline in overall population numbers and a low birth rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the population pyramid be used to address future challenges?

<p>It helps visualize population distribution by age and gender, aiding projections for resource needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are renewable resources, and can you provide three examples?

<p>Renewable resources are resources that can be replenished over time. Examples include forests, fish, and crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flow resources, and what is an example of one?

<p>Flow resources are naturally occurring resources that are always available and can be used continuously. An example is sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify and explain two major issues related to water scarcity.

<p>Two major issues are overuse leading to scarcity and pollution from industrial runoff. These issues can threaten both human health and ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does overfishing affect marine ecosystems?

<p>Overfishing depletes fish stocks and contributes to bycatch and habitat destruction. This negatively impacts the balance of marine ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define blood diamonds and their impact on conflict.

<p>Blood diamonds are mined in war zones and sold to fund armed conflicts. They exacerbate violence and exploitation, affecting innocent civilians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Kimberley Process and its purpose?

<p>The Kimberley Process is an international certification scheme aimed at preventing the trade of conflict diamonds. It requires diamonds to be certified as conflict-free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is financial globalization, and how does SWIFT facilitate it?

<p>Financial globalization is the integration of financial markets and systems across countries. SWIFT facilitates this through secure international transactions between banks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two effects of fossil fuel reliance on the environment.

<p>Reliance on fossil fuels leads to pollution and the depletion of finite reserves. This creates significant environmental and climate challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is economic globalization and how does it affect international trade?

<p>Economic globalization is the growing connection between world economies, allowing companies to operate and trade across borders to increase profits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has technological globalization influenced communication?

<p>Technological globalization has facilitated instantaneous communication worldwide through technologies like video calls and social media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is political globalization, and what is an example of it?

<p>Political globalization involves countries cooperating through international organizations to enhance interactions, such as NAFTA, which connects the laws and economies of Canada, the U.S., and Mexico.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define cultural globalization and give an example of its impact.

<p>Cultural globalization is the spread and mixing of cultures worldwide, exemplified by the global popularity of K-pop music, which has transcended its Korean origins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of sociological globalization in response to global events?

<p>Sociological globalization refers to the spread of social ideas and norms globally, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic when vaccination requirements became a universal health norm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe ecological globalization and its implications.

<p>Ecological globalization involves global connections regarding environmental issues, emphasizing that problems like climate change require international solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does geographical globalization indicate about national borders?

<p>Geographical globalization suggests that national borders matter less due to enhanced global connections in trade, travel, and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of multilateralism in international relations?

<p>Multilateralism involves collaboration among three or more countries working together on similar interests, often through international organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

A set of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to address global challenges, promote well-being, reduce inequalities, and protect the environment.

SDG #1: No Poverty

One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, aiming to eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere.

SDG #2: Zero Hunger

One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, aiming to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

SDG #3: Good Health and Well-being

One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, aiming to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

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SDG #6: Clean Water and Sanitation

One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, aiming to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

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Map Projections

Methods to represent the Earth's curved surface on a flat map.

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Mercator Projection

A type of map projection that maintains accurate compass bearings and straight lines for navigation but distorts the size of landmasses, especially near the poles.

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Gall-Peters Projection

A type of map projection that shows the true relative sizes of landmasses, but distorts shapes and distances.

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Pattern

A regular arrangement of things or events.

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Trend

A consistent change over time.

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Interrelationship

The connection and influence between two or more things.

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Phenomena

Events or phenomena in the natural world.

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Demographer

A person who studies population trends.

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Overpopulation

When a population exceeds the available resources to support it.

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Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

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Dependency Load

The percentage of the population that is not in the working-age group and relies on others for support.

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Robinson Projection

A map projection that minimizes distortion in size, shape, and distance, but doesn't perfectly preserve all three.

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Conformal Projection

A map projection that prioritizes showing accurate shapes of landmasses, but distorts sizes and distances.

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Equidistant Projection

A map projection that emphasizes preserving accurate distances, often used for navigation and travel.

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Equal-area Projection

A map projection that highlights equal areas across different regions, but distorts shapes and distances.

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GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

A measurement of a country's economic output, reflecting the total value of goods and services produced.

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HDI (Human Development Index)

A measure of a country's quality of life based on factors like health, education, and income. A score closer to '1' indicates a higher quality of life.

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Spatial Significance

The strategic importance of a location due to its natural and human features.

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Choke Point

A narrow body of water that controls the movement of goods and vessels, often critical for transportation and security.

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Population Pyramid

A graph showing population distribution by age and gender, used to predict future population trends and challenges.

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Expansive Population Pyramid

Population pyramid with a wide base and a narrow top, indicating a high birth rate and rapid population growth.

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Constrictive Population Pyramid

Population pyramid with a narrower base and a wider top, indicating a low birth rate and a shrinking population.

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Stable Population Pyramid

Population pyramid with a relatively even distribution of age groups, implying consistent population growth.

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Total Stock (of resources)

The total amount of all environmental resources, even those not currently accessible for use.

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Natural Resources

Resources extracted from nature for human use, such as wind, solar, and water.

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Non-renewable Resources

Resources that cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption, such as fossil fuels and metals.

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Fossil Fuels

Materials from nature specifically used for energy production, like coal, oil, and natural gas.

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Renewable Resources

Resources like forests and fish that can be replenished within a timeframe (usually 100 years).

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Flow Resources

Resources that are constantly available, like sunlight and wind, and can be used continuously.

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Water Scarcity

A pressing global issue with both overconsumption in developed countries and a lack of access in developing countries.

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Financial Globalization

The global interconnection of financial markets, allowing money and investments to flow easily across borders.

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Blood Diamonds

Diamonds mined in conflict zones and used to fund wars and rebellions.

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Deforestation

The process of removing trees from a forest for various reasons, leading to environmental damage.

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Overfishing

The excessive fishing of a species, which can lead to its depletion.

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Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, technology, culture, and ideas.

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Economic Globalization

Companies from different countries collaborate to produce goods, increasing profits through interconnected global economies.

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Technological Globalization

Technology and information spread across the world connecting people quickly.

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Political Globalization

Countries work together through organizations like the UN to promote human rights, democracy, and freedoms.

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Cultural Globalization

The blending and sharing of different cultures worldwide.

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Sociological Globalization

Shared and spread social ideas, norms, and behaviors globally.

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Ecological Globalization

Global environmental issues impacting the entire planet that require international solutions.

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Geographical Globalization

Borders become less relevant due to global connectivity in trade, travel, and communication.

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Globalism

The belief that globalization is beneficial for everyone, emphasizing international cooperation in trade, culture, and policies.

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Multilateralism

A form of international cooperation where three or more countries work together to address shared interests, often through international organizations.

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Nationalism

Prioritizing a country's own interests, identity, and culture over global cooperation.

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Isolationism

A policy where a country chooses to stay out of international political and economic affairs, prioritizing independence.

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Protectionism

The idea that a government should limit foreign competition to protect domestic businesses, using tariffs, quotas, or import taxes.

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Military Alliance

A formal agreement between two or more nations regarding national security.

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Trade Liberalization

The process of reducing or eliminating trade barriers, such as tariffs or quotas, to promote free trade.

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Study Notes

World Issues Exam Review

  • The exam is divided into five parts: Multiple Choice (17 marks), Short Answer (8 marks), Article Analysis (19 marks), Population Pyramid Analysis (10 marks), and Long Answer (29 marks).
  • The total marks for the exam are 83.

Sustainable Development Goals

  • Implemented by the United Nations in 2015, these goals aim to create a sustainable future by addressing global challenges, promoting well-being, reducing inequalities and protecting the environment.
  • The goals include ending poverty and inequality and protecting the planet for all people. (WHO)
  • SDG #1: No Poverty - Aims to end poverty everywhere and ensure basic needs are met.
  • SDG #2: Zero Hunger - Aims to end hunger, achieve food security, and improve nutrition while promoting sustainable agriculture.
  • SDG #3: Good Health and Well-being - Aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
  • SDG #6: Clean Water and Sanitation - Aims to ensure access to safe water and sanitation for everyone.
  • SDG #12: Climate Action - Aims to reduce carbon emissions and use renewable energy.

Map Projections and Distortions

  • Methods to represent Earth's 3D curved surface on a 2D flat map.
  • Distortion is inherent in all map projections and affects area, shape, distance and direction.
  • An Oblate Spheroid is an almost spherical shape that is slightly flattened at the poles and wider at the equator. This represents the true shape of the Earth.

Map Projections (Examples)

  • Mercator: Accurate for navigation and compass bearings but distorts size (poles look larger), exaggerating western countries' sizes in relation to other parts of the globe.
  • Gall-Peters: Shows true relative sizes of landmasses, highlighting equality in map representation but distorts sizes (poles).
  • Robinson: Minimizes distortions in size, shape, and distance, making it visually appealing for general use. However, it does not perfectly preserve size, shape, distance or direction.

GDP vs. HDI

  • GDP: Measures the total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country.
  • HDI: Measures a country's quality of life based on health, education, and income. It provides a broader picture of development.

Spatial Significance

  • Importance of a location based on natural and human features.
  • Ten major factors include natural resources, arable land, temperate climates, choke points, coastlines, islands, population, infrastructure, defense, and technology/innovation.

Patterns & Trends

  • Patterns are repeated or regular arrangements of things or events.
  • Trends are consistent changes over time.
  • Different types of patterns and trends, including dispersed, concentrated, clustered, linear, outlier, absent, fluctuating, and unpredictable.

Interrelationships and Phenomena

  • How two or more things are connected and affect each other.
  • Natural events (urbanization, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.) and human activities.

Geographic Perspectives

  • Social: How people in the area are affected.
  • Economic: How businesses and the economy are impacted.
  • Environmental: The impact on the environment.
  • Political: How the government responds.

Key Population Terms

  • Demographer: A person who studies population trends.
  • Overpopulation: Too many people for available resources.
  • Underpopulation: Too few people to sustain economic growth.
  • Optimum Population: Ideal balance between population and resources.

Factors of Population Growth/Decline

  • Factors affecting population growth include birth rates, death rates, and immigration.
  • Factors affecting population decline include external forces (war, disease, disasters) and economic factors (unemployment, poverty, inequality).
  • There are also push and pull factors influencing migration.

Types of Migrants

  • Immigrant: Permanently moves to a country.
  • Emigrant: Permanently leaves a country.
  • Refugee: Forced to leave due to war, prosecution, or violence.
  • Illegal Immigrant: Migrates in violation of immigration laws.
  • Asylum Seeker: Seeks international protection (refugee status).
  • Displaced Person: Forced to leave their home, often due to conflict or a disaster, remaining in their own country.

Demographic Transition Model

  • Explains how birth and death rates change as a country develops.
  • Model stages illustrate pre-transition, early expanding, late expanding, low stationary, and declining stages.

Population Pyramids

  • Graphs that show population distribution by age and gender.
  • Shapes represent future challenges, including increasing, decreasing, and stable population growth.

Basics of Resources

  • Total Stock: All environmental components usable as resources.
  • Natural Resources Materials found in nature: Forests, fisheries, water, energy.
  • Non-Renewable Resources: Cannot be replaced once used- Fossil fuels.
  • Renewable Resources: Can be replaced- Solar, wind, water, forests.
  • Flow Resources: Always available in a location and used continuously- Water, sunlight.
  • Various issues associated with resources, including scarcity, pollution, climate change, and inequitable access.

Globalization

  • Increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, technology, culture, and beliefs.
  • Factors driving this include financial, economic, technological globalization among others.

Political Globalization

  • Countries cooperate through international organizations to increase interactions based on human rights, democracy, and freedoms, like NAFTA.

Military Alliances

  • Formal agreements between nations concerning national security (e.g., NATO).

Colonization & Byproduct

  • Processes where one country or group controls another, often exploiting land, resources, and people, for economic gain, power, and cultural dominance
  • Byproducts resulting from colonization include resource exploitation, cultural erosion, economic exploitation, and social inequalities.

Political Instability

  • Borders and governments set by colonizers often cause conflicts and weak leadership.

Fashion Industry

  • Transformed trends into cheap, disposable clothing and outsourcing to low-wage countries.
  • Both pros(job creation and affordability) and cons (worker exploitation, environmental risks) of this practice.

Solutions

  • Sustainable manufacturing (eco-friendly materials)
  • Consumer awareness
  • Recycling

Social Changes

  • Nation-state and sovereignty: Defined borders, shared identity, political autonomy; challenged by globalization.
  • Sovereignty: A nation's right to make laws and policies within its borders.
  • Political systems, including democracy, limited democracy, authoritarianism, and monarchy.

Geopolitics and Conflict

  • The study of how a country's locations, resources, and political interest affect relationships and power globally.
  • Examples include cold war and proxy wars.

Demographic Changes of the World

  • Understanding various demographic changes relating to populations including migration, birth rates, death rates, and the demographic transition model.

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World Issues Exam Review PDF

Description

This quiz explores the concepts of economic strength and geographical significance, focusing on measures like GDP and HDI, as well as the implications of natural resources and infrastructure. It also examines population trends, patterns, and the interrelationship between humans and nature. Test your understanding of these crucial concepts in economic geography!

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