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Questions and Answers
What do positive consequences of a program or treatment alternative include?
What do positive consequences of a program or treatment alternative include?
- Improved functional status (correct)
- Death
- Drug toxicity
- Increased treatment failure
What is the role of intermediate consequences in economic evaluations?
What is the role of intermediate consequences in economic evaluations?
- To replace final outcomes completely
- To serve as a proxy for more relevant final outcomes (correct)
- To decrease the overall sample size of trials
- To quantify only negative consequences
Which of the following is considered a negative consequence?
Which of the following is considered a negative consequence?
- Cured cases
- Improved well-being
- Harmful side effects (correct)
- Life-years gained
Why is measuring both positive and negative consequences important in economic evaluations?
Why is measuring both positive and negative consequences important in economic evaluations?
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What is one advantage of using intermediate outcomes like LDL-CH in evaluations?
What is one advantage of using intermediate outcomes like LDL-CH in evaluations?
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Study Notes
Economic Evaluations in Health Programs
- Full economic evaluations assess both positive and negative consequences of treatment alternatives.
- Positive consequences include improved functional status, enhanced well-being, cases cured, and life-years gained, representing desirable outcomes.
- Negative consequences encompass harmful side effects, drug toxicity, treatment failures, or even death, leading to undesirable outcomes.
- Intermediate consequences act as proxies for final outcomes, bridging the gap between short-term measurements and long-term benefits.
- Example: Lipid-lowering agents lower LDL-cholesterol (intermediate outcome), which correlates to final outcomes like reduced myocardial infarction (MI) rates or increased lives saved.
- Utilization of intermediate consequences facilitates humanistic and ethical considerations in healthcare evaluations.
- Demonstrating clinical efficacy of treatments can reduce the costs and time needed for clinical trials, enhancing the overall evaluation process.
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