Economic Development and GNI Classifications
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for using GNP per capita as a measure of economic development?

  • It provides a general measure of a country's overall economic performance.
  • It is the easiest and most readily available measure to collect.
  • It accurately reflects the distribution of wealth within a country.
  • It is the most widely used and accepted measure by economists and international organizations. (correct)
  • What is the most significant factor according to the text, that can influence a country's classification by the World Bank into income categories?

  • Changes in government policies and economic reforms.
  • Increased foreign investment and international trade.
  • Fluctuations in exchange rates and domestic inflation. (correct)
  • Natural disasters and political instability.
  • According to the World Bank, what is the main indicator used to determine a country's economic well-being and its classification into income categories?

  • The gross national income (GNI) per capita. (correct)
  • The size and diversity of the country's export market.
  • The rate of technological advancement and innovation.
  • The level of poverty and inequality within the country.
  • What is the difference between GDP and GNI?

    <p>GDP measures the value of goods and services produced within a country, while GNI includes income from overseas sources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor considered by the World Bank in classifying countries into income categories?

    <p>The level of education and health care in the country. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the GNI per capita threshold for classifying a country as low-income?

    <p>Less than $1,036 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which of the following is a potential limitation of using GNP per capita as a measure of economic development?

    <p>It does not account for factors like environmental sustainability and social well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for using GNI per capita as the primary measure of economic development?

    <p>GNI per capita reflects the overall economic performance of a country. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organization that classifies countries into one of four income categories based on GNI per capita?

    <p>The World Bank (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for a country to be reclassified into a different income category by the World Bank?

    <p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT mentioned as a reason why a direct attack on basic needs is necessary in developing countries?

    <p>The difficulty in finding investments and policies that uniformly increase the incomes of the rich (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between GNP and GDP?

    <p>GNP includes the value of all finished goods and services owned by a country's citizens, regardless of where they are produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a basic need in the basic-needs approach?

    <p>Access to reliable transportation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument for the basic-needs approach, as opposed to simply focusing on economic growth?

    <p>Economic growth alone does not effectively address the poverty and inequality prevalent in many developing countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these indicators is NOT a possible indicator of basic needs?

    <p>Percentage of the population with access to the internet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the basic-needs approach view the relationship between basic needs attainment and economic growth?

    <p>Attaining basic needs is a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication of the statement, "Human rights begin with breakfast"?

    <p>Basic economic needs are essential for the realization of other human rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text suggests that achieving economic and social rights for the masses in most low-income countries is difficult due to:

    <p>The limited availability of resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a socioeconomic right in the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

    <p>Freedom from torture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary message conveyed by the text?

    <p>A focus on meeting basic needs is necessary for sustainable development in developing countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In low-income countries, what factor poses the greatest challenge to achieving similar primary enrollment rates as the United States?

    <p>Insufficient funding for education due to lower GNP per capita. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of implementing Western labor standards in labor-abundant developing countries?

    <p>Reduced cost of labor for manufacturers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why economic growth may not necessarily lead to increased happiness?

    <p>The pursuit of material goods can create a cycle of dissatisfaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cost associated with economic growth?

    <p>A shift towards egalitarian societies with less emphasis on individual achievement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text suggests that economic growth can be beneficial to developing countries. Which of the following is NOT a reason cited in the text?

    <p>Economic growth can lead to greater social cohesion and reduce political tensions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why economic growth, despite its benefits, might not be pursued at all costs?

    <p>The pursuit of economic growth often comes at the expense of other important societal goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument does the text make about the relationship between economic growth and the extended family system?

    <p>Economic growth weakens the extended family system by encouraging individual mobility and self-reliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of the text's discussion of the trade-off between economic growth and other societal goals?

    <p>Societies must carefully consider the costs and benefits of economic growth in relation to other goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the text's overall argument?

    <p>Economic growth is a complex issue with both positive and negative consequences that must be carefully considered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned in the text as potentially being negatively impacted by economic growth?

    <p>Political leaders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Economic Development Measure

    Methods used to assess a country's economic growth.

    GNP (Gross National Product)

    Total value of goods and services produced by a nation's residents.

    GNP per Capita

    GNP divided by the population, indicating income level per person.

    World Bank Income Categories

    Four classifications of countries based on income levels.

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    Low Income Country

    Country with a GNI per capita less than $1,036.

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    Upper-Middle Income Country

    Country with a GNI per capita between $4,046 and $12,535.

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    Economic Growth Indicators

    Measures like poverty reduction and income growth used for classification.

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    GNI (Gross National Income)

    Total income earned by a nation's residents, including GDP and overseas income.

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    GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

    Total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year.

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    Economic Classification Changes

    Changes in a country's economic status based on growth or threshold adjustments.

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    GNI

    Gross National Income, an alternative measure of a nation's wealth.

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    GNP

    Gross National Product, total value of final products by country's residents.

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    GDP

    Gross Domestic Product, the value of all goods and services produced within a country.

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    Net Exports

    The difference between a country's exports and imports.

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    Basic-Needs Approach

    Focus on meeting essential needs to reduce poverty.

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    Indicators of Basic Needs

    Measures like calorie supply, literacy rates, and life expectancy.

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    Infant Mortality

    Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births, indicating health services quality.

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    Human Rights

    Entitlements that include socioeconomic standards like education and health care.

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    Economic Growth

    Increase in a country's production of goods and services.

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    Resource Allocation

    Distribution of resources towards basic necessities in LDCs.

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    PPP$ GNP per capita

    Purchasing Power Parity Gross National Product per person, often lower in low-income countries than in the US.

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    Education spending in LDCs

    Low-income countries allocate a larger portion of GNP to education to match primary enrollment rates in the US.

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    Adult literacy programs

    Educational programs aimed at increasing literacy among adults, often more economical than universal primary education.

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    Labor standards in LDCs

    Imitating rich country labor standards in low-income nations may worsen inequality and unemployment.

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    Economic growth and happiness

    Economic growth increases choice but doesn't guarantee increased happiness or satisfaction.

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    Control over the environment

    The ability to influence one's surroundings; considered as important as happiness in economic development.

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    Costs of economic growth

    Includes materialism, instability of family structures, and threats to social authority.

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    Bureaucratization

    Growth leads to larger organizations, causing impersonality and communication issues.

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    Trade-offs in development

    Balancing economic growth with social stability, culture, and political autonomy.

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    Rootlessness

    The feeling of disconnection and instability often resulting from rapid economic growth.

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    Study Notes

    Best Measure of Economic Development

    • GNP (Gross National Product) or per capita is often considered the best measure, depending on the objective.
    • Prof. R.G. Lipsey argues that GNP remains crucial despite future measurement changes.
    • UN organizations and economists use GNP per capita to measure development.

    Classification of Rich and Poor Countries

    • The World Bank categorizes economies into low income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income, and high income.
    • GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is the primary indicator for categorization.
    • 2020 GNI per capita thresholds define the categories.
      • Low income: less than $1,036
      • Lower-middle income: $1,036 to $4,045
      • Upper-middle income: $4,046 to $12,535
      • High income: greater than $12,535
    • Classifications can change due to economic growth, inflation shifts, exchange rates, or population changes.

    Gross National Income (GNI)

    • GNI represents the total money earned by a nation's people and businesses.
    • It tracks national wealth annually.
    • GNI includes GDP plus income from overseas sources.
    • It's an alternative to GDP, considered a more accurate wealth indicator for some nations.

    Gross National Product (GNP)

    • GNP estimates the total value of final products and services produced by a country's residents.
    • Calculated by summing personal consumption, private investment, government spending, net exports and resident overseas income, minus foreign resident income earned domestically.

    Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

    • GDP is the total market value of finished goods and services within a country's borders, within a specific period.
    • It's a broad measure of economic health.

    GDP vs. GNP

    • Both GDP and GNP measure a country's economy.
    • GDP focuses on domestically produced goods and services.
    • GNP considers all goods and services produced by a country's citizens, regardless of location

    Basic-Needs Approach

    • Frustration exists on the limited impact of economic growth on third-world poverty.
    • Basic-needs programs stress increasing productivity while meeting the basic needs, especially of the poorest 40–50% of the population.
    • This is needed due to income misdistribution, consumers' knowledge gaps, public service requirements, and limitations in policies for uniform income increases.

    Basic Needs Indicators

    • The Basic-Needs approach focuses on minimizing poverty concerning output maximization.
    • Indicators include nutrition (calorie supply/percentage of requirements, protein), education (literacy rates, enrollment%), health (life expectancy), sanitation (infant mortality, sanitation access), water supply (infant mortality, potable water access), and housing (no specific existing reliable measure).
    • Data on distribution by income class should be analyzed with these indicators.

    Growth and "Basic Needs"

    • Basic needs attainment correlates with per capita GNP growth (literacy, life expectancy, lower infant mortality).
    • Increased worker health and productivity follow.
    • Rapid output growth generally reduces poverty.
    • GNP per capita remains important, but the composition and beneficiaries must be considered.

    Basic Needs as a Human Right

    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes socioeconomic rights, with economic needs often preceding political liberties.
    • Achieving these rights in low-income countries is challenging due to resource scarcity and high costs.
    • Examples are the need for resources needed for education, nutrition, and sanitation.
    • Alternatives like phased educational approaches and careful consideration of labor standards are discussed.

    Costs and Benefits of Economic Development

    • Economic growth increases human choice but may or may not increase happiness.
    • Happiness depends on the balance between wants and resources.
    • Wealth can decrease happiness if it stimulates wants beyond available resources.

    Benefits of Economic Growth

    • Increased control over the environment and freedom of choice are considered equally important.
    • Reduced famine, starvation, infant mortality, and death.
    • Increased leisure, potential for improved art, music, and philosophy.
    • Mobilizes resources for national power.

    Costs of Economic Growth

    • Potential for increased acquisitiveness, materialism, and dissatisfaction.
    • Destabilization of family and broader social structures.
    • Conflicts with religious and social authority.
    • Increased job specialization, often accompanied by impersonality and monotonous tasks.
    • Shaping of institutions and individuals to promote economic growth needs.
    • Potential for bureaucracy, impersonality, communications disruption.
    • Possible environmental blight and unhealthy living conditions, along with increasing demand for products.
    • Political transformation can lead to centralization, coercion, social disruption, and authoritarianism.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts of economic development, focusing on measures like GNP and GNI. It highlights how different income categories are classified by the World Bank based on GNI per capita thresholds. Understand the implications of these measurements for evaluating various economies.

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