Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for using GNP per capita as a measure of economic development?
What is the primary reason for using GNP per capita as a measure of economic development?
What is the most significant factor according to the text, that can influence a country's classification by the World Bank into income categories?
What is the most significant factor according to the text, that can influence a country's classification by the World Bank into income categories?
According to the World Bank, what is the main indicator used to determine a country's economic well-being and its classification into income categories?
According to the World Bank, what is the main indicator used to determine a country's economic well-being and its classification into income categories?
What is the difference between GDP and GNI?
What is the difference between GDP and GNI?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a factor considered by the World Bank in classifying countries into income categories?
Which of the following is NOT a factor considered by the World Bank in classifying countries into income categories?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the GNI per capita threshold for classifying a country as low-income?
What is the GNI per capita threshold for classifying a country as low-income?
Signup and view all the answers
Based on the information provided, which of the following is a potential limitation of using GNP per capita as a measure of economic development?
Based on the information provided, which of the following is a potential limitation of using GNP per capita as a measure of economic development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason for using GNI per capita as the primary measure of economic development?
What is the main reason for using GNI per capita as the primary measure of economic development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the organization that classifies countries into one of four income categories based on GNI per capita?
What is the name of the organization that classifies countries into one of four income categories based on GNI per capita?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason for a country to be reclassified into a different income category by the World Bank?
What is the main reason for a country to be reclassified into a different income category by the World Bank?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these factors is NOT mentioned as a reason why a direct attack on basic needs is necessary in developing countries?
Which of these factors is NOT mentioned as a reason why a direct attack on basic needs is necessary in developing countries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between GNP and GDP?
What is the primary difference between GNP and GDP?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT listed as a basic need in the basic-needs approach?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a basic need in the basic-needs approach?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main argument for the basic-needs approach, as opposed to simply focusing on economic growth?
What is the main argument for the basic-needs approach, as opposed to simply focusing on economic growth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these indicators is NOT a possible indicator of basic needs?
Which of these indicators is NOT a possible indicator of basic needs?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the basic-needs approach view the relationship between basic needs attainment and economic growth?
How does the basic-needs approach view the relationship between basic needs attainment and economic growth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main implication of the statement, "Human rights begin with breakfast"?
What is the main implication of the statement, "Human rights begin with breakfast"?
Signup and view all the answers
The text suggests that achieving economic and social rights for the masses in most low-income countries is difficult due to:
The text suggests that achieving economic and social rights for the masses in most low-income countries is difficult due to:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT listed as a socioeconomic right in the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a socioeconomic right in the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary message conveyed by the text?
What is the primary message conveyed by the text?
Signup and view all the answers
In low-income countries, what factor poses the greatest challenge to achieving similar primary enrollment rates as the United States?
In low-income countries, what factor poses the greatest challenge to achieving similar primary enrollment rates as the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of implementing Western labor standards in labor-abundant developing countries?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of implementing Western labor standards in labor-abundant developing countries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why economic growth may not necessarily lead to increased happiness?
What is the primary reason why economic growth may not necessarily lead to increased happiness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a potential cost associated with economic growth?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cost associated with economic growth?
Signup and view all the answers
The text suggests that economic growth can be beneficial to developing countries. Which of the following is NOT a reason cited in the text?
The text suggests that economic growth can be beneficial to developing countries. Which of the following is NOT a reason cited in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why economic growth, despite its benefits, might not be pursued at all costs?
What is the primary reason why economic growth, despite its benefits, might not be pursued at all costs?
Signup and view all the answers
What argument does the text make about the relationship between economic growth and the extended family system?
What argument does the text make about the relationship between economic growth and the extended family system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main point of the text's discussion of the trade-off between economic growth and other societal goals?
What is the main point of the text's discussion of the trade-off between economic growth and other societal goals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements best summarizes the text's overall argument?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the text's overall argument?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned in the text as potentially being negatively impacted by economic growth?
Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned in the text as potentially being negatively impacted by economic growth?
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Economic Development Measure
Economic Development Measure
Methods used to assess a country's economic growth.
GNP (Gross National Product)
GNP (Gross National Product)
Total value of goods and services produced by a nation's residents.
GNP per Capita
GNP per Capita
GNP divided by the population, indicating income level per person.
World Bank Income Categories
World Bank Income Categories
Signup and view all the flashcards
Low Income Country
Low Income Country
Signup and view all the flashcards
Upper-Middle Income Country
Upper-Middle Income Country
Signup and view all the flashcards
Economic Growth Indicators
Economic Growth Indicators
Signup and view all the flashcards
GNI (Gross National Income)
GNI (Gross National Income)
Signup and view all the flashcards
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Economic Classification Changes
Economic Classification Changes
Signup and view all the flashcards
GNI
GNI
Signup and view all the flashcards
GNP
GNP
Signup and view all the flashcards
GDP
GDP
Signup and view all the flashcards
Net Exports
Net Exports
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basic-Needs Approach
Basic-Needs Approach
Signup and view all the flashcards
Indicators of Basic Needs
Indicators of Basic Needs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Mortality
Infant Mortality
Signup and view all the flashcards
Human Rights
Human Rights
Signup and view all the flashcards
Economic Growth
Economic Growth
Signup and view all the flashcards
Resource Allocation
Resource Allocation
Signup and view all the flashcards
PPP$ GNP per capita
PPP$ GNP per capita
Signup and view all the flashcards
Education spending in LDCs
Education spending in LDCs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adult literacy programs
Adult literacy programs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Labor standards in LDCs
Labor standards in LDCs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Economic growth and happiness
Economic growth and happiness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Control over the environment
Control over the environment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Costs of economic growth
Costs of economic growth
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bureaucratization
Bureaucratization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trade-offs in development
Trade-offs in development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rootlessness
Rootlessness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Best Measure of Economic Development
- GNP (Gross National Product) or per capita is often considered the best measure, depending on the objective.
- Prof. R.G. Lipsey argues that GNP remains crucial despite future measurement changes.
- UN organizations and economists use GNP per capita to measure development.
Classification of Rich and Poor Countries
- The World Bank categorizes economies into low income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income, and high income.
- GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is the primary indicator for categorization.
- 2020 GNI per capita thresholds define the categories.
- Low income: less than $1,036
- Lower-middle income: $1,036 to $4,045
- Upper-middle income: $4,046 to $12,535
- High income: greater than $12,535
- Classifications can change due to economic growth, inflation shifts, exchange rates, or population changes.
Gross National Income (GNI)
- GNI represents the total money earned by a nation's people and businesses.
- It tracks national wealth annually.
- GNI includes GDP plus income from overseas sources.
- It's an alternative to GDP, considered a more accurate wealth indicator for some nations.
Gross National Product (GNP)
- GNP estimates the total value of final products and services produced by a country's residents.
- Calculated by summing personal consumption, private investment, government spending, net exports and resident overseas income, minus foreign resident income earned domestically.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- GDP is the total market value of finished goods and services within a country's borders, within a specific period.
- It's a broad measure of economic health.
GDP vs. GNP
- Both GDP and GNP measure a country's economy.
- GDP focuses on domestically produced goods and services.
- GNP considers all goods and services produced by a country's citizens, regardless of location
Basic-Needs Approach
- Frustration exists on the limited impact of economic growth on third-world poverty.
- Basic-needs programs stress increasing productivity while meeting the basic needs, especially of the poorest 40–50% of the population.
- This is needed due to income misdistribution, consumers' knowledge gaps, public service requirements, and limitations in policies for uniform income increases.
Basic Needs Indicators
- The Basic-Needs approach focuses on minimizing poverty concerning output maximization.
- Indicators include nutrition (calorie supply/percentage of requirements, protein), education (literacy rates, enrollment%), health (life expectancy), sanitation (infant mortality, sanitation access), water supply (infant mortality, potable water access), and housing (no specific existing reliable measure).
- Data on distribution by income class should be analyzed with these indicators.
Growth and "Basic Needs"
- Basic needs attainment correlates with per capita GNP growth (literacy, life expectancy, lower infant mortality).
- Increased worker health and productivity follow.
- Rapid output growth generally reduces poverty.
- GNP per capita remains important, but the composition and beneficiaries must be considered.
Basic Needs as a Human Right
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes socioeconomic rights, with economic needs often preceding political liberties.
- Achieving these rights in low-income countries is challenging due to resource scarcity and high costs.
- Examples are the need for resources needed for education, nutrition, and sanitation.
- Alternatives like phased educational approaches and careful consideration of labor standards are discussed.
Costs and Benefits of Economic Development
- Economic growth increases human choice but may or may not increase happiness.
- Happiness depends on the balance between wants and resources.
- Wealth can decrease happiness if it stimulates wants beyond available resources.
Benefits of Economic Growth
- Increased control over the environment and freedom of choice are considered equally important.
- Reduced famine, starvation, infant mortality, and death.
- Increased leisure, potential for improved art, music, and philosophy.
- Mobilizes resources for national power.
Costs of Economic Growth
- Potential for increased acquisitiveness, materialism, and dissatisfaction.
- Destabilization of family and broader social structures.
- Conflicts with religious and social authority.
- Increased job specialization, often accompanied by impersonality and monotonous tasks.
- Shaping of institutions and individuals to promote economic growth needs.
- Potential for bureaucracy, impersonality, communications disruption.
- Possible environmental blight and unhealthy living conditions, along with increasing demand for products.
- Political transformation can lead to centralization, coercion, social disruption, and authoritarianism.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores key concepts of economic development, focusing on measures like GNP and GNI. It highlights how different income categories are classified by the World Bank based on GNI per capita thresholds. Understand the implications of these measurements for evaluating various economies.