Ecology: Specialists vs. Generalists
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Questions and Answers

What is one significant factor contributing to the decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

  • Higher infant mortality rates
  • Greater access to contraceptive methods (correct)
  • Decreased educational opportunities
  • Increase in agricultural labor demands

    • How does female education specifically influence fertility rates?

  • Limits access to health care and family planning resources
  • Provides more job opportunities and reduces the need for early pregnancies (correct)
  • Increases the chances of unplanned pregnancies
  • Promotes early marriage and childbearing

    • According to Malthus's theory, what primarily acts as a limiting factor for human population growth?

  • Access to health care services
  • Food production capabilities (correct)
  • Technological advancements
  • Economic opportunities

    • What demographic trend is likely associated with higher access to family planning?

    <p>Later age of first pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a lower infant mortality rate (IMR) generally have on fertility rates?

    <p>Contributes to a lower TFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by high mortality in early life due to little to no parental care?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type I survivorship, what generally leads to a rapid decrease in survivorship in late life?

    <p>Old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the carrying capacity (K) of an ecosystem?

    <p>The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the overshoot phase in population dynamics?

    <p>Population suddenly spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a limiting resource affecting carrying capacity?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of population overshoot?

    <p>Resource depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Type II survivorship from Types I and III?

    <p>Constant mortality rate throughout life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples best represents Type III survivorship?

    <p>Oak trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a growth rate of 5% indicate for a population of 100?

    <p>The population will increase to 105.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the annual growth rate calculated from the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR)?

    <p>CBR - CDR divided by 10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the doubling time for a population with a growth rate of 1.2%?

    <p>58.3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a country's crude birth rate (CBR) is 18 and the crude death rate (CDR) is 9, what is the calculated annual growth rate?

    <p>0.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synthetic fixation of nitrogen led to what significant result in agriculture?

    <p>Increased food supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes specialist species and makes them prone to extinction?

    <p>Narrower ecological niche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key trait of r-selected species?

    <p>Lower competition for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reproductive strategy of K-selected species differ from r-selected species?

    <p>K-selected species have fewer offspring but invest more care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of habitats do K-selected species generally thrive?

    <p>Habitats with high competition for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population growth pattern indicates rapid growth?

    <p>Extreme pyramid shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a country with a total fertility rate (TFR) at replacement level?

    <p>TFR of about 2.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes r-selected species in terms of their population dynamics?

    <p>Population sizes can fluctuate above and below carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major factor contributing to a higher infant mortality rate (IMR)?

    <p>Lack of clean water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about generalist species is true?

    <p>They can adapt to a variety of environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does high biotic potential in r-selected species generally have?

    <p>Rapid population growth and potential overshoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among these countries, which has the highest number of individuals aged 0-14?

    <p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does development (affluence) affect total fertility rate (TFR)?

    <p>Higher educational access correlates with lower TFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do specialists cope with environmental changes compared to generalists?

    <p>They struggle more due to limited tolerance to changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of government policies on fertility rates?

    <p>Noncoercive policies can encourage higher TFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country exhibits the slowest population growth rate based on the provided diagram?

    <p>Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical impact of higher infant mortality rates (IMR) on total fertility rates (TFR)?

    <p>Increased TFR as families have replacement children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Specialist vs. Generalist

    • Specialist species have a narrow ecological niche, meaning they have a smaller range of tolerance to environmental changes.
    • Specialists are more prone to extinction.
    • Generalists have a broader ecological niche and a larger range of tolerance for environmental changes.
    • Generalists are less prone to extinction and more likely to be invasive.

    K-selected & r-selected species

    • K-selected species are characterized by:

      • Few offspring, heavy parental care.
      • Long lifespan and slow population growth rate.
      • They are more likely to be disrupted by environmental changes or invasive species.
      • They tend to live in habitats with higher competition for resources.
      • Their populations tend to remain stable near the carrying capacity (K).

    • r-selected species are characterized by:

      • Many offspring, little to no parental care.
      • Short lifespan and quick to sexual maturity.
      • They are more likely to be invasive.
      • They tend to live in habitats with low competition for resources.
      • Their populations tend to fluctuate above and below carrying capacity.

    Carrying Capacity (K)

    • The maximum number of individuals of a species that a given environment can support.
    • Carrying capacity is determined by limiting factors like food availability, water availability, and habitat space.
    • Overshoot occurs when a population temporarily exceeds its carrying capacity.
    • Die-off is a sharp decrease in population size following overshoot as resources become depleted.

    Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

    • The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime.
    • Higher TFR generally leads to a higher population growth rate.
    • Replacement level fertility is the TFR needed to maintain a stable population size.
    • Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of children under one year old per 1,000 people in a population.
    • Higher IMR typically leads to a higher TFR as families tend to have more children to compensate for potential losses.

    Factors Affecting Human Population Growth

    • Factors that increase population growth:
      • Higher birth rate
      • Lower death rate
      • Immigration

    Thomas Malthus

    • Malthusian theory suggests humans will reach a carrying capacity dictated by food production.
    • Malthus theorized human population growth outpaces food production, resulting in resource limitations and potential population crashes.
    • Technological advancement can potentially increase the carrying capacity.
    • Technological innovations, like the development of synthetic fertilizers, can dramatically increase food supply and alter carrying capacity.

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    Related Documents

    APES Unit 3 Notes - Specialist vs. Generalist, K-selected vs. r-selected, Survivorship Curves

    Description

    Test your understanding of ecological concepts with this quiz on specialist and generalist species, as well as K-selected and r-selected species strategies. Explore how these classifications affect species survival, environmental tolerance, and population dynamics.

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