Ecology Quiz: Herbivores, Carnivores, and More
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Questions and Answers

What type of relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another?

  • Mutualism
  • Predation
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism (correct)
  • Which classification describes animals that exclusively feed on plants?

  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
  • Saprotrophs
  • Herbivores (correct)
  • Which of the following organisms would be classified as a saprotroph?

  • Deer
  • Eagle
  • Lion
  • Fungi (correct)
  • In what type of relationship do two species compete for limited resources?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ectoparasites known for?

    <p>Dwell outside the host organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animal groups is characterized by having a horny epidermis that allows them to thrive on dry land?

    <p>Reptiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ecological relationship is exemplified by orchids growing on tree trunks without harming the trees?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typical of mammals?

    <p>Presence of mammary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relationship is defined by both organisms benefiting from their interaction?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of consumer are primary consumers, as defined in an ecosystem?

    <p>Organisms that eat producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the living components of an ecosystem?

    <p>Biotic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do heterotrophs rely on for nourishment?

    <p>Producers or other consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ecological factor refers to the overall features of a place such as rivers and mountains?

    <p>Physiographic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stomata in leaves?

    <p>Regulation of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in a chloroplast is primarily responsible for capturing light energy?

    <p>Thylakoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) play in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>It fixes carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the light-independent phase of photosynthesis, where does the process primarily occur?

    <p>In the stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of photosynthesis can be summarized by which chemical equation?

    <p>$6CO_2 + 6H_2O ightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure known as a granum?

    <p>A stack of thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant structures do chloroplasts contain for synthesizing glucose during photosynthesis?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main alkaline aqueous space within chloroplasts called?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores

    • Herbivores: Animals that consume only plants.
    • Carnivores: Animals that consume only other animals.
    • Omnivores: Animals that consume both plants and animals.

    Parasites

    • Parasites benefit from their relationship with a host, while the host is harmed.
    • Ectoparasites: Parasites that live outside the host, such as ticks, fleas, and lice.
    • Endoparasites: Parasites that live inside the host, such as worms in the intestines of animals and humans.

    Saprotrophs

    • Saprotrophs obtain nourishment from decaying organic matter.
    • Examples include bacteria, fungi, and some protozoa.

    Non-Symbiotic Relationships

    • Involve interactions between organisms that are not closely associated for long periods.
    • Predation: One animal kills another for food. The killer is the predator, and the killed organism is the prey.
    • Competition: Rivalry between species for the same limited resource.

    Trophic Levels

    • Trophic level: An organism's position in a food chain based on its mode of nourishment (producer or consumer).

    Ecological Relationships

    • Interactions between individuals of different species.
    • Symbiotic relationships involve close, long-term interactions that influence the survival of the associated species.
    • Commensalism: One organism benefits from the relationship without harming the other.
    • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from their interaction.
    • Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of another.

    Producers and Consumers

    • Autotrophs: Organisms that can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They are producers.
    • Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and must consume producers or other consumers. They are consumers.
    • Primary consumers: Eat producers as their food source.
    • Secondary consumers: Eat primary consumers.
    • Tertiary consumers: Feed on secondary consumers.

    Biotic and Abiotic Factors

    • Biotic factors: The living things found in an ecosystem.
    • Abiotic factors: Non-living components of an ecosystem.
    • Edaphic factors: Physico-chemical factors of the soil: soil type, composition, water content, mineral content, and organic matter.
    • Physiographic factors: Topography or overall features of a place: presence of rivers, lakes, mountains, or plains.

    Productivity and Biomass

    • Productivity: The percentage of energy entering an ecosystem that is converted into biomass at each trophic level.
    • Biomass: The total mass of living organisms in a unit area.

    Stoma

    • Stoma (plural stomata): Openings on the lower epidermis of leaves that regulate the passage of gases.

    Chloroplasts

    • Contain chlorophyll, the pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
    • Bound by an outer and inner membrane with an intermembrane space.
    • Contains stroma, a fluid-filled space, and thylakoids, disc-shaped sacs.
    • Granum: A stack of 10-20 thylakoids.
    • Stroma lamellae: Membranous structures that connect thylakoids within different grana.
    • Light-harvesting complex (LHC): Composed of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and proteins that absorb light energy and transfer it to the photosynthetic reaction center (PRC).

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
    • The process requires carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.
    • The chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

    Light-Independent Phase (Calvin Cycle)

    • Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
    • Starts with the fixation of carbon dioxide by the enzyme RuBisCO.
    • RuBisCO combines carbon dioxide with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
    • The Calvin cycle uses the energy captured during the light-dependent phase to convert CO2 into glucose.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various dietary classifications of animals including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Explore different ecological relationships such as parasites, saprotrophs, and non-symbiotic interactions. Assess your understanding of trophic levels and food chains in ecosystems.

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