Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What type of relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another?
Which classification describes animals that exclusively feed on plants?
Which of the following organisms would be classified as a saprotroph?
In what type of relationship do two species compete for limited resources?
Signup and view all the answers
What are ectoparasites known for?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following animal groups is characterized by having a horny epidermis that allows them to thrive on dry land?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of ecological relationship is exemplified by orchids growing on tree trunks without harming the trees?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is typical of mammals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which relationship is defined by both organisms benefiting from their interaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of consumer are primary consumers, as defined in an ecosystem?
Signup and view all the answers
What term refers to the living components of an ecosystem?
Signup and view all the answers
What do heterotrophs rely on for nourishment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ecological factor refers to the overall features of a place such as rivers and mountains?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of stomata in leaves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure in a chloroplast is primarily responsible for capturing light energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) play in the Calvin cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
In the light-independent phase of photosynthesis, where does the process primarily occur?
Signup and view all the answers
The process of photosynthesis can be summarized by which chemical equation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the structure known as a granum?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of plant structures do chloroplasts contain for synthesizing glucose during photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main alkaline aqueous space within chloroplasts called?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
- Herbivores: Animals that consume only plants.
- Carnivores: Animals that consume only other animals.
- Omnivores: Animals that consume both plants and animals.
Parasites
- Parasites benefit from their relationship with a host, while the host is harmed.
- Ectoparasites: Parasites that live outside the host, such as ticks, fleas, and lice.
- Endoparasites: Parasites that live inside the host, such as worms in the intestines of animals and humans.
Saprotrophs
- Saprotrophs obtain nourishment from decaying organic matter.
- Examples include bacteria, fungi, and some protozoa.
Non-Symbiotic Relationships
- Involve interactions between organisms that are not closely associated for long periods.
- Predation: One animal kills another for food. The killer is the predator, and the killed organism is the prey.
- Competition: Rivalry between species for the same limited resource.
Trophic Levels
- Trophic level: An organism's position in a food chain based on its mode of nourishment (producer or consumer).
Ecological Relationships
- Interactions between individuals of different species.
- Symbiotic relationships involve close, long-term interactions that influence the survival of the associated species.
- Commensalism: One organism benefits from the relationship without harming the other.
- Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from their interaction.
- Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of another.
Producers and Consumers
- Autotrophs: Organisms that can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They are producers.
- Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and must consume producers or other consumers. They are consumers.
- Primary consumers: Eat producers as their food source.
- Secondary consumers: Eat primary consumers.
- Tertiary consumers: Feed on secondary consumers.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- Biotic factors: The living things found in an ecosystem.
- Abiotic factors: Non-living components of an ecosystem.
- Edaphic factors: Physico-chemical factors of the soil: soil type, composition, water content, mineral content, and organic matter.
- Physiographic factors: Topography or overall features of a place: presence of rivers, lakes, mountains, or plains.
Productivity and Biomass
- Productivity: The percentage of energy entering an ecosystem that is converted into biomass at each trophic level.
- Biomass: The total mass of living organisms in a unit area.
Stoma
- Stoma (plural stomata): Openings on the lower epidermis of leaves that regulate the passage of gases.
Chloroplasts
- Contain chlorophyll, the pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
- Bound by an outer and inner membrane with an intermembrane space.
- Contains stroma, a fluid-filled space, and thylakoids, disc-shaped sacs.
- Granum: A stack of 10-20 thylakoids.
- Stroma lamellae: Membranous structures that connect thylakoids within different grana.
- Light-harvesting complex (LHC): Composed of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and proteins that absorb light energy and transfer it to the photosynthetic reaction center (PRC).
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
- The process requires carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.
- The chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light-Independent Phase (Calvin Cycle)
- Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
- Starts with the fixation of carbon dioxide by the enzyme RuBisCO.
- RuBisCO combines carbon dioxide with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
- The Calvin cycle uses the energy captured during the light-dependent phase to convert CO2 into glucose.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on various dietary classifications of animals including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Explore different ecological relationships such as parasites, saprotrophs, and non-symbiotic interactions. Assess your understanding of trophic levels and food chains in ecosystems.
