Ecology Population Growth Patterns Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to a population's J-curve growth pattern?

  • Overshoot of the carrying capacity
  • Exponential growth initially
  • A steady increase in growth rate (correct)
  • Collapse/dieback following overshoot

Which of the following scenarios is an example of mutualism as described in the text?

  • A fungus growing on a tree, causing decay.
  • A parasitic wasp laying eggs inside a caterpillar, eventually killing it.
  • Birds eating insects off the back of a rhinoceros. (correct)
  • A lion hunting and killing a zebra for food.

Which phase of an S-curve is characterized by the most rapid population growth?

  • Exponential growth phase (correct)
  • Transitional phase
  • Lag phase
  • Plateau/Stationary phase

Which of the following is a characteristic of the transitional phase in both S-curves and J-curves?

<p>A decline in population size due to resource overexploitation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the information presented, which of the following would most likely exhibit an S-curve growth pattern?

<p>A population of bacteria growing in a petri dish with limited nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a transformation within a system?

<p>The decomposition of organic matter by bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Gaia hypothesis?

<p>Earth's living and non-living components interact to maintain a stable environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a limitation of using models to represent complex systems?

<p>Models can never be accurate representations of reality due to their inherent simplification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a system?

<p>Equilibrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the relationship between a model's accuracy and the level of simplification involved?

<p>Increased simplification always leads to lower accuracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies an open system?

<p>A lake ecosystem with inputs from rivers and outputs through evaporation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best exemplifies the concept of homeostasis within the Gaia hypothesis?

<p>Earth's climate has remained relatively stable over millions of years despite various natural and anthropogenic influences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why models are useful for understanding complex systems?

<p>Models can perfectly replicate all aspects of a complex system, ensuring complete accuracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a positive feedback loop as it relates to ecosystem resilience?

<p>An increase in forest fires due to climate change leads to the release of carbon dioxide, which further exacerbates global warming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the resilience of an ecosystem, specifically its ability to withstand disturbances and return to its initial state?

<p>A large and complex web of interactions among various species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of albedo relate to ecosystem resilience?

<p>A higher albedo reduces the amount of heat absorbed, creating a more stable environment for organisms to thrive, thereby enhancing resilience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios does NOT demonstrate a tipping point in the ecosystem?

<p>The gradual shift to a dominant species after an extended drought period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a consequence of human intervention that can positively impact ecosystem resilience?

<p>The removal of invasive species from a delicate ecosystem, restoring the balance of native populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects of the EIA process aims to limit the effects of potential impacts to acceptable levels?

<p>Mitigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the EIA process?

<p>Insufficient emphasis on economic development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between resilience and diversity in an ecosystem?

<p>Resilience and diversity are generally correlated, but other factors including species interactions, climate, and human impact can influence the relationship. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why ecological footprints differ between countries and individuals?

<p>Variations in consumption patterns and lifestyles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to ecosystem resilience?

<p>The presence of a single, dominant species that outcompetes all others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ecosystem resilience, why are tipping points concerning?

<p>Tipping points signify a significant and often irreversible shift in the ecosystem's structure and function, potentially leading to a loss of biodiversity and valuable services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign that a population is placing greater demands on the environment than it can sustainably provide?

<p>A declining ecological footprint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences a country's ecological footprint?

<p>National debt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the combustion of fossil fuels?

<p>Eutrophication due to the release of nitrates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the various pollutants released by human activities, which of these pairs represent a primary pollutant and its resulting secondary pollutant?

<p>Nitrogen oxides (primary) → Photochemical smog (secondary) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a mismatch between the pollutant source and its primary environmental consequence?

<p>Combustion of fossil fuels (carbon dioxide) → Eutrophication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following pollutants is MOST likely to cause a direct threat to human health by interfering with the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?

<p>Carbon monoxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a scenario where secondary pollutants are likely to have a significant impact on human health?

<p>A large urban area experiencing heavy traffic on a hot, sunny day. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'realized niche' refer to in ecology?

<p>The actual conditions and resources a species utilizes due to biotic interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a limiting factor in population growth?

<p>Migration patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between intraspecific and interspecific competition?

<p>Interspecific competition happens when different species compete for the same resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines abiotic factors in an ecosystem?

<p>Non-living, physical and chemical aspects that affect organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does competition influence population growth and size?

<p>It can reduce population size when species compete for limited resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the intrinsic value of nature over humanity and seeks to diminish human environmental impacts?

<p>Deep ecologists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of soft ecologists compared to deep ecologists?

<p>They aim for greater self-sufficiency while valuing ecology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the technocentrist view of environmental management?

<p>Technological advancements can solve environmental problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes moderate anthropocentrists from extreme ecocentrists?

<p>Moderate anthropocentrists defend a balanced approach to human and environmental needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the beliefs of cornucopians?

<p>The world has limitless resources to meet human demands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" in the development of the modern environmental movement?

<p>It presented extensive scientific evidence demonstrating the link between pesticide use and negative impacts on human health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Minamata Bay disaster in Japan and the Chernobyl nuclear explosion are both examples of which of the following?

<p>The long-term consequences of industrial activities on human health and ecosystems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of the modern environmental movement?

<p>The emphasis on economic growth and technological solutions as the primary means of addressing environmental challenges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do multinational corporations (MNCs) and transnational corporations (TNCs) impact the environment?

<p>MNCs and TNCs can contribute to significant environmental impacts through their operations, such as mining, fossil fuel extraction, and industrial production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do intergovernmental bodies, such as the United Nations (UN), play in shaping environmental policy?

<p>Intergovernmental bodies facilitate international agreements, hold global summits, and work to coordinate international efforts to address environmental challenges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of 'inertia' as it relates to unsustainable practices?

<p>A community continues to rely on fossil fuels despite knowing their environmental impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best demonstrates the 'Tragedy of the Commons' principle?

<p>Overgrazing by herders on shared pasture land leads to land degradation and reduced grazing capacity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key difference distinguishes 'natural capital' from 'natural income'?

<p>Natural income represents the flow of goods and services produced by natural capital, while natural capital refers to the underlying resources themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is most likely to be conducted in which of the following situations?

<p>A developer proposes to build a new housing complex in a previously undeveloped area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly assessed as part of a baseline study for an EIA?

<p>Public opinion on the proposed development project. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios best exemplifies unstable equilibrium in an ecological system?

<p>A forest fire that drastically reduces the population of a particular tree species, but the forest regenerates with a different dominant species over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, which scenario would likely have the highest efficiency of energy transfer?

<p>A single-celled organism utilizing sunlight for energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates a positive feedback loop, as described in the text?

<p>An increase in global temperatures leading to melting ice caps, which reduces the Earth's reflectivity and causes further warming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A system with a large number of interconnected components and complex interactions is most likely to exhibit which characteristic?

<p>High stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between steady-state equilibrium and static equilibrium?

<p>Steady-state equilibrium allows for small fluctuations, whereas static equilibrium is unchanging over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of self-regulation in a biological system?

<p>A population of deer overgrazing an area, leading to reduced food availability and a decrease in deer population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a direct implication of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics on ecological systems?

<p>Energy conversion is always 100% efficient in natural systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates a clear example of a negative feedback loop in an ecological system?

<p>A rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels stimulates increased plant growth, which leads to increased carbon absorption and a decrease in carbon dioxide levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

System

A set of interrelated parts and connections forming a complex whole.

Open system

A system that exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings.

Closed system

A system that exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.

Isolated system

A system that exchanges neither energy nor matter with its surroundings.

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Transfers

Movement of energy/matter without changing its form.

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Transformations

Change of state or form of energy or matter.

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Gaia Hypothesis

The idea that Earth is a single living system maintaining homeostasis.

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Model accuracy

Simplifying a complex system can lead to loss of accuracy; wrong assumptions affect predictions.

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S-curves

A growth curve reflecting exponential growth followed by a plateau at carrying capacity.

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J-curves

A growth pattern characterized by rapid increase followed by a sharp decline.

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Mutualism

A relationship where both species benefit from their interaction.

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Lag phase

Initial phase where population growth is slow due to adaptation.

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Carrying capacity

The maximum population size that the environment can sustain.

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EIA Purpose

EIA helps assess impacts of major developments, like roads and power stations.

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EIA Summary

EIA documents are written for public understanding and include scoping, predicting impacts, and mitigation.

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Ecological Footprint

The area of land and water needed to provide resources for a population at their consumption rate.

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Unsustainability Indicator

Occurs when human demands exceed what the environment can sustainably provide.

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Factors Influencing EF

Ecological footprints vary based on lifestyle, productivity, land use, and industry.

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Rachel Carson

An influential figure who raised awareness about pesticides in 'Silent Spring'.

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NGOs

Non-governmental organizations that influence environmental policies.

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Minamata Bay Incident

Mercury poisoning crisis caused by Chisso Corp's waste disposal in Japan.

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DDT

A pesticide linked to cancer and environmental harm, highlighted by Carson.

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Chernobyl Disaster

A nuclear explosion causing widespread health issues and environmental impacts.

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Pollution

The addition of substances to the environment by humans faster than they can be neutralized.

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Primary Pollutants

Pollutants that are harmful immediately upon emission, like carbon monoxide from burning fuel.

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Secondary Pollutants

Pollutants formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical or physical changes.

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Sources of Pollution

Major sources include fossil fuel combustion, domestic waste, and agricultural waste.

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Eutrophication

A process where excess nutrients (like nitrates) lead to algae blooms and oxygen depletion in water.

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Albedo

The reflecting ability of a surface, affecting local climate.

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Positive Feedback Loop

A cycle that amplifies changes in a system, leading to a tipping point.

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Ecosystem Resilience

The ability of an ecosystem to return to its initial state after a disturbance.

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Factors Affecting Resilience

Diversity, complexity, and size of ecosystems enhance resilience.

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Tipping Point

A significant change in an ecosystem that leads to a new state.

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Lake Eutrophication

Excess nutrients cause plant overgrowth, harming aquatic life.

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Coral Reef Death

Coral dying due to rising ocean acidity and inability to regenerate.

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Species Biodiversity

The variety of species in an ecosystem that can replace each other after disturbances.

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Sustainability

Use & management of resources for natural replacement and ecosystem recovery.

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Sustainable Development

Development that meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs.

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Ecological Overshoot

When humanity's resource exploitation exceeds sustainable levels.

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Natural Capital

Natural resources that provide sustainable goods/services.

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Tragedy of the Commons

Individuals exploit shared resources leading to depletion, acting in self-interest.

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Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Ecocentrists

Individuals who value nature intrinsically more than humanity and advocate for preserving the natural environment.

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Population

A group of the same species living in the same area and capable of interbreeding.

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Deep Ecologists

A subgroup of ecocentrists who believe all life has intrinsic value and advocate for minimal human impact on nature.

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Niche

The role or function of an organism or species within an ecosystem, including its interactions.

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Anthropocentrists

Those with a human-centered view that emphasizes human interventions in the environment for their benefit.

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Intraspecific Competition

Competition among individuals of the same species for resources.

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Technocentrists

Individuals who believe technological advancements can solve environmental issues and manage resources efficiently.

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Cornucopians

A perspective that sees the world as having unlimited resources and believes human ingenuity can solve all environmental challenges.

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1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.

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2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transformations increase entropy; only some energy is useful.

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Complexity & Stability

Higher complexity often leads to greater stability in systems.

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Equilibrium

A system's tendency to return to its original state after disturbance.

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Stable Equilibrium

A system returns to the same equilibrium after disturbance.

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Unstable Equilibrium

A system returns to a new equilibrium after disturbance.

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Feedback Loops

Processes where output regulates the system's behavior.

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Self-Regulation

Output inhibits or reverses changes in the same process.

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Study Notes

Systems & Models

  • System: a set of interrelated parts & connection between them
  • Ways of visualizing complex systems: complex systems broken down into big components
  • Types of systems
    • Open: exchanges matter & energy with surroundings
    • Closed: exchanges energy but not matter with surroundings
    • Isolated: exchanges neither energy nor matter with surroundings
  • Examples of systems
    • Biosphere
    • Greenhouse (prototype city w/8 ppl inside for 2yrs)
  • Storage: stores of matter/energy
  • Flows: into/through/out of system
  • Inputs: arrows in (enters system)
  • Outputs: arrows out (produced in end)
  • Boundaries: lines
  • Processes: transformations
    • Examples: respiration, precipitation, diffusion
  • Transfers: move energy/matter from one place to another (not changed)
    • Examples: carnivores eating other animals, movement of water, movement of material in non-living processes, movement of energy

Models of Systems

  • Models of systems simplify complex systems
  • Models can predict change of input
  • Models can be applied to other similar situations
  • Models can help us see patterns
  • Accuracy lost = simplifications
  • Models may be inaccurate if our assumptions are wrong, then the model will be wrong

Gaia Hypothesis

  • Proposed that Earth is a single living system (global system)
  • Earth maintains homeostasis (temp, climate, ocean)

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