Ecology Concepts Lecture 4.4
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of society is indicated as one of the best measures of quality of life?

  • Infant mortality rate (correct)
  • Migration rates
  • Water supply safety
  • Food supply levels

    • How is migration defined in the context of demographics?

  • Movement of people into and out of specific geographic areas (correct)
  • Change of residence within the same city
  • Movement of people from cities to rural areas
  • Permanent relocation for employment purposes

    • Which age group is classified as pre-reproductive?

  • Under 5 years
  • 45 years and older
  • 15–44 years
  • 0–14 years (correct)

    • What factor is NOT directly linked to improving life expectancy?

    <p>Rising migration rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age structure category includes individuals typically able to have children?

    <p>Reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main contributors to the phenomenon of environmental refugees?

    <p>Soil erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three effective ways to slow population growth?

    <p>Increase birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can be considered when making population and economic projections?

    <p>Religious persecution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can elevating the status of women contribute to population growth management?

    <p>By enhancing educational opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of environmental degradation affects population dynamics?

    <p>Water and food shortages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies does NOT support economic development in the context of slowing population growth?

    <p>Increasing tariffs on imports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is family planning important in managing human population growth?

    <p>It helps individuals make informed choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of environmental degradation on human populations?

    <p>Migration to less affected areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current estimated human population as of September 30, 2021?

    <p>7.9 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the growth pattern of the human population?

    <p>Exponential growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the maximum population size that an environment can sustain?

    <p>Carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing population dynamics?

    <p>Food chain length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the various processes and interactions that affect population sizes over time?

    <p>Population dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best characterizes the growth of the human population in recent years?

    <p>Rapidly increasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecological succession is primarily concerned with what?

    <p>Changes in species composition over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'biodiversity' refer to?

    <p>The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does education have on women's childbearing?

    <p>It leads to fewer children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to fewer children in families?

    <p>High levels of income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one problem associated with unplanned pregnancies?

    <p>Higher rates of abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a consequence of lacking access to family planning services?

    <p>Higher maternal and fetal mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which societal condition is likely to encourage women to have fewer children?

    <p>Access to birth control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do per capita incomes relate to population growth?

    <p>As per capita incomes rise, populations tend to grow more slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically required for responsible parenthood according to the document?

    <p>Access to reproductive health education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to slowing human population growth?

    <p>Education and employment for women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does environmental resistance play in population growth?

    <p>It limits species from over-reproducing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method mentioned to help couples with family planning?

    <p>Subsidized healthcare for children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of carrying capacity in an environment?

    <p>The maximum number of organisms a habitat can sustain indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes K strategists in reproductive strategies?

    <p>They invest significant energy in fewer, larger offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of R strategists?

    <p>They produce many small offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biotic contributing factors include?

    <p>Low reproductive rates in organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does natural selection influence species' reproductive strategies?

    <p>By leading to adaptations appropriate for their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the reproductive strategy of K strategists?

    <p>They are typically larger adults with stable population sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered an abiotic contributing factor to reproductive health?

    <p>Unfavorable light conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trade-off between longevity and reproduction in species relates most closely to which strategy?

    <p>K strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a likely outcome if a habitat exceeds its carrying capacity?

    <p>Decline in available resources and species populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the reproductive characteristics of R strategists?

    <p>They experience high juvenile mortality and provide minimal care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation is often seen in K strategists?

    <p>Increased competition for limited resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation would favor R strategists over K strategists?

    <p>An environment with frequent disturbances and changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A species that can adapt to unfavorable temperatures is likely exhibiting what type of reproductive strategy?

    <p>K strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of population dynamics, what does an increase in competition indicate?

    <p>A decrease in carrying capacity for all species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Population Dynamics

    • Human population is growing exponentially, currently around 7.9 billion as of September 30, 2021.
    • Factors affecting population size include food distribution, water supply, nutrition, infant mortality rate, sanitation, and medical advances.

    Migration Influences

    • Migration consists of immigration (entering) and emigration (leaving) regions due to various reasons:
      • Employment opportunities
      • Political oppression and conflict
      • Environmental degradation, leading to environmental refugees

    Age Structure

    • Population categorized into three age groups:
      • Pre-reproductive (0-14 years): Generally too young to have children.
      • Reproductive (15-44 years): Typically capable of having children.
      • Post-reproductive (45+ years): Generally past the age of childbirth.

    Slowing Population Growth

    • Effective strategies to slow population growth:
      • Economic development improves living standards and reduces poverty.
      • Elevating women's status results in fewer births.
      • Family planning services reduce unplanned pregnancies and improve maternal health.

    Family Planning

    • Family planning provides education and clinical services helping couples decide on family size and timing.
    • Education, job opportunities, and control over fertility contribute to lower birth rates among women.

    Environmental Resistance

    • Environmental resistance limits population growth by presenting unfavorable conditions such as:
      • Abiotic factors: Unfavorable light, temperatures, and chemical environments.
      • Biotic factors: Low reproductive rates, inadequate defense mechanisms, and inability to migrate.

    Carrying Capacity

    • Defined as the maximum number of organisms that an environment can sustain over time due to environmental resistance.
    • The equilibrium point where the population size stabilizes based on resources available.

    Reproductive Strategies

    • R-strategists:

      • Produce many small offspring with little parental care.
      • High mortality rate among offspring before reaching reproductive age.
      • Adapted to unstable environments, resulting in high population growth rates.

    • K-strategists:

      • Produce fewer, larger offspring with substantial parental care.
      • Most offspring survive to reproductive age, suitable for stable environments.
      • Exhibit lower population growth rates and maintain population sizes close to carrying capacity.

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