Ecology Chapter Quiz

A group of populations of different species interacting within a given area.

The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain over a long period.

A species introduced to an area outside its natural range by humans.

A statistical test used to determine if a relationship between two categorical variables is significant or due to chance.

The process of generating ATP (energy) from glucose without the need for oxygen.

The process of generating ATP (energy) from glucose using oxygen.

The net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration.

The movement of protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane during ATP synthesis.

The process where pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, is converted to acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and generating NADH. This occurs within the mitochondria.

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that break down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. This occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction. They do this by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction.

Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway. This helps control the production of the end product and prevent its overproduction.

Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plant cells that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. It is located within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions, uses the energy from the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugar.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are responsible for producing ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) to convert carbon dioxide into sugars.

A molecule produced immediately after carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate.

Thylakoid membranes are the folded structures within chloroplasts. They contain chlorophyll and other pigments crucial for capturing light energy. These membranes create a proton gradient, which drives the production of ATP via chemiosmosis.

Sodium ions (Na+) rapidly move into the neuron, causing a rapid depolarization of the membrane potential.

Potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions (K+) to move out of the neuron, restoring the resting potential.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) enter the synaptic knob from the presynaptic neuron, triggering the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron, restoring the negative resting potential.

Memory cells are responsible for recognizing specific antigens from previous exposures. they quickly mount a secondary immune response, providing more rapid and efficient protection.

Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low. This is triggered by fasting for a prolonged period.