Ecology Chapter on Aquatic and Terrestrial Zones
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Questions and Answers

In which aquatic zone would you expect to find the least amount of sunlight?

  • Aphotic zone (correct)
  • Neritic zone
  • Pelagic zone
  • Photic zone

    • Human activity is a factor influencing ecological succession.

    True

    What is an example of primary succession?

    Growth of vegetation on a volcanic island after lava cools.

    Wildfires can help in the regeneration of certain ______ species.

    <p>plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing ecological succession?

    <p>Moon phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary succession occurs in areas with no previous biological community.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ecological succession with their definitions:

    <p>Primary succession = Occurs in areas with no previous soil or biological community Secondary succession = Occurs in previously disturbed areas with a biological community Aquatic succession = The transformation of aquatic ecosystems over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do wildfires play in forest ecosystems?

    <p>They can help in the regeneration of certain plant species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do coastal ecosystems primarily play for communities?

    <p>They offer food, livelihoods, and coastal protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the speed at which a wildfire spreads?

    <p>Wind speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatic cell mutations can be inherited by offspring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eutrophication is primarily caused by plastic pollution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pioneer species in the context of primary succession?

    <p>Mosses and lichens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Silurian Period, the first large forests were formed predominantly by _______.

    <p>ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to biodiversity during ecological succession?

    <p>Increases until a climax community is reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eutrophication leads to algal blooms that deplete ______ in aquatic ecosystems.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mutations in somatic cells is true?

    <p>They can cause cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the pelagic zone?

    <p>The open water column, not associated with the seafloor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coastal ecosystems have no impact on the global carbon cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one primary benefit of coastal ecosystems.

    <p>Coastal protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind speed is less significant than humidity in affecting wildfire behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant groups with their development timeline:

    <p>Ferns = First to form large forests during the Silurian Period Gymnosperms = Evolved after ferns Angiosperms = Developed later than gymnosperms Liverworts = Non-vascular plants confined to moist habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one primary nutrient that contributes to eutrophication.

    <p>Nitrogen or Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ecological terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Eutrophication = Excessive nutrient buildup in water Wildfire speed = Influenced primarily by wind speed Biodiversity during succession = Increases until a climax community is reached Pelagic zone = Open water not associated with the seafloor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do certain bacteria use to convert chemicals into energy in deep-sea environments?

    <p>Chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epipelagic zone is characterized by complete darkness and extreme pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of pioneer species that colonizes in primary succession.

    <p>moss or lichen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria that rely on chemosynthesis often convert _______ sulfide into energy.

    <p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ocean zones with their characteristics:

    <p>Epipelagic Zone = Receives the most sunlight Abyssopelagic Zone = Completely dark and relies on chemosynthesis Mesopelagic Zone = Twilight zone with some bioluminescent organisms Hadopelagic Zone = Extreme depths in ocean trenches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is primarily driven by photosynthesis?

    <p>Epipelagic Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bathypelagic zone is a light-rich environment that supports plant life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in primary succession after a disturbance?

    <p>colonization by pioneer species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of invasive species on ecosystems?

    <p>They outcompete native species for resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coral bleaching is a result of environmental stressors that lead to the expulsion of zooxanthellae.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon?

    <p>Nonsense Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, leading to a decrease in ocean pH.

    <p>Ocean Acidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of mutations with their descriptions:

    <p>Missense Mutation = Changes one amino acid in the protein sequence Silent Mutation = Does not change the amino acid sequence Nonsense Mutation = Introduces a premature stop codon Frameshift Mutation = Involves insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major source of methane emissions?

    <p>Agriculture, particularly livestock farming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thermal pollution raises water temperatures and can lead to increased oxygen levels in aquatic ecosystems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of zooxanthellae in coral reefs?

    <p>Provide energy through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sources contributes the most to the increase of methane in the atmosphere?

    <p>Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hadopelagic zone is characterized by abundant light and high biodiversity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topmost layer of the ocean that receives the most sunlight?

    <p>Epipelagic zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the abyssopelagic zone, most organisms obtain energy by relying on __________.

    <p>chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process produces methane during livestock digestion?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marine life in the epipelagic zone includes large marine mammals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms are primarily found in the abyssopelagic zone?

    <p>Organisms relying on chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aquatic Zones

    • Aphotic zone has the least sunlight;
    • Photic zone receives ample sunlight;
    • Neritic zone and pelagic zones can have varying sunlight levels depending on depth.

    Ecological Succession

    • Factors influencing ecological succession include climate, soil conditions, and human activity;
    • Moon phases do not influence ecological succession.

    Primary Succession

    • Growth of vegetation on a volcanic island after lava cools is an example of primary succession;
    • Reforestation of a cleared forest is an example of secondary succession.

    Wildfires in Forest Ecosystems

    • Wildfires can help regenerate certain plant species by clearing out dead or decaying material;
    • Wildfires release nutrients into the soil, triggering germination of seeds in fire-adapted plant species.

    Pelagic Zones

    • Depth is the main factor determining the boundaries of pelagic zones;
    • Factors include sunlight penetration, pressure, temperature and oxygen availability.

    Climate Change and Forests

    • Increased frequency and intensity of forest fires are a threat from climate change, due to drier conditions;
    • Extreme weather patterns (droughts, storms, heatwaves) also weaken trees and disrupt ecosystems;
    • Altered precipitation patterns result in water stress or floods.

    Coral Reefs

    • Coral reefs support about 25% of marine life and provide vital ecosystem services;
    • Coral reefs are crucial for coastal protection, food and livelihoods.

    Primary Succession Organisms

    • Mosses and lichens are the pioneer species, dominating early stages of primary succession.
    • These organisms colonize bare, nutrient-poor environments;
    • They break down the substrate, generate soil, opening the way for other species.

    Silurian Period Plants

    • Ferns were the first plants to form large forests in the Silurian Period;
    • Ferns are early vascular plants, seedless but important, leading to complex ecosystems forming.

    Mutations and Cells

    • Somatic cell mutations cause diseases in the individual, but aren't passed to offspring;
    • Germline mutations are inherited.

    Ecological Succession Process

    • Ecological succession is the gradual change in the structure and composition of a community over time;
    • Primary succession begins in areas devoid of soil or life, like after volcanic eruptions;
    • Secondary succession happens after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem.

    Eutrophication

    • Eutrophication is mainly caused by excessive nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in water bodies;
    • Such excess usually comes from agricultural runoff, wastewater and industrial effluents;
    • Eutrophication leads to algal blooms, depleting oxygen, causing dead zones.

    Ocean Acidification

    • Absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by seawater causes it;
    • This makes water more acidic, harmful to organisms like corals.

    Zooxanthellae in Coral Health

    • Zooxanthellae provide corals with their diet via photosynthesis;
    • Algae live symbiotically within coral tissue allowing them to form calcium carbonate skeletons.

    Types of Mutations

    • Missense mutations change a single amino acid;
    • Silent mutations do not change the amino acid;
    • Nonsense mutations create a premature stop codon;
    • Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame.

    Methane Emission Causes

    • Agriculture (especially livestock farming, rice paddies, and manure management) is the largest source of methane emissions.

    Extreme Pressure and Temperatures

    • The hadopelagic zone experiences extreme pressure and near-freezing temperatures.
    • This makes it a harsh environment with low biodiversity compared to shallower zones.

    Pelagic Zone Sunlight

    • The epipelagic zone receives the most sunlight, supporting the majority of marine photosynthesis.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the different aquatic zones and ecological succession concepts. This quiz covers the aphotic and photic zones, primary and secondary succession, and the role of wildfires in forest ecosystems. Explore how climate and other factors influence these ecological processes.

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