Ecology: Biotic and Abiotic Selection Pressures
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Questions and Answers

What is an example of a mutualistic interaction described in the text?

  • Predator-prey relationship
  • Plant-hosting ants (correct)
  • Parasite-host interaction
  • Competition for resources

    • What is the term for the process of reciprocal selection that leads to an escalation of phenotypes?

  • Coevolutionary arms race (correct)
  • Genetic drift
  • Character displacement
  • Natural selection

    • What is an example of a species that has evolved resistance to toxic substances?

  • Garter snake (correct)
  • North American newt
  • Acacia plant
  • Ant

    • What is the term for the process of genetic change in response to selection pressure?

    <p>Selective sweep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where rare genotypes are favored and common genotypes are selected against?

    <p>Red Queen dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a species that has evolved toxic substances as an anti-predator defense?

    <p>North American newt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where species competing for the same resource diverge in their traits?

    <p>Character displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a species that has evolved extra floral nectaries and Beltian bodies to attract ants?

    <p>Acacia plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the dynamics of coevolutionary interactions between species?

    <p>Coevolutionary dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a species that exhibits character displacement in their body size and gill raker length?

    <p>Canadian stickleback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the prediction of Dolph Schluter and colleagues in their experiment involving solitary and limnetic forms?

    <p>Selection towards the benthic form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?

    <p>Abiotic pressures are constant, whereas biotic pressures are changing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction is characterized by one species benefiting at the cost of another species?

    <p>Antagonistic interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a coadaptation in the interaction between acacia plants and ants?

    <p>The ants remove herbivores from the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for coevolution to occur?

    <p>Genetic variation in the traits mediating the interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a new genotype spreads through a population, leading to the fixation of the trait?

    <p>Selective sweep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey in terms of trait values?

    <p>An escalation of trait values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coevolution occurs when multiple groups of species interact with each other?

    <p>Diffuse coevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?

    <p>Coadaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for coevolution to occur between two species?

    <p>Tight ecological relationship between the interacting species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?

    <p>Abiotic conditions are not affected by adaptation, whereas biotic environments are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection?

    <p>Coevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction is characterized by a negative impact on both species involved?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?

    <p>Coadaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an antagonistic interaction?

    <p>A shark catching a seal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between competition and antagonism?

    <p>Competition affects both species negatively, whereas antagonism affects one species negatively and the other positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the interaction between species in which one species benefits and the other is not affected?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic interaction?

    <p>A blackbird feeding on a berry and dispersing its seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of coevolution?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the interaction between species in which both species are negatively affected?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general outcome of the arms race between two species?

    <p>The species that responds most strongly to selection is the winner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism evolved by the newts in response to garter snake predation?

    <p>Production of toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted outcome when garter snakes and newts coevolve in a population?

    <p>The snakes evolve resistance to the newts' toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the two models of antagonistic coevolution?

    <p>One model involves a genetic arms race, the other involves cyclical dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to find empirical evidence for the Red Queen hypothesis?

    <p>It is difficult to follow the coevolutionary dynamics of interacting species over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon observed in Canadian sticklebacks, where they differ in size and feeding ecology?

    <p>Character displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the prediction of Dolph Schluter and colleagues in their experiment involving Canadian sticklebacks?

    <p>Competition would result in selection towards the benthic form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the experiment by Dolph Schluter and colleagues involving Canadian sticklebacks?

    <p>The gill rakers of the solitary form decreased in length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where competing species diverge in their traits?

    <p>Character displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of coevolution, what does 'exploiter' refer to?

    <p>A species that preys upon another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for coevolution to occur between two species?

    <p>Species must have a tight ecological relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a coevolutionary arms race, what is the outcome of the interaction between predators and prey?

    <p>Trait values increase through time in both predators and prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where species competing for the same resource diverge in their traits?

    <p>Character displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the interaction between garter snakes and newts in a population?

    <p>In populations where newts have high toxicity, snake resistance is also highest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cyclical dynamics in allele frequencies in both victims and exploiter species?

    <p>Red Queen hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of coevolution between two species?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?

    <p>Coadaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?

    <p>Coadaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in finding empirical evidence for the Red Queen hypothesis?

    <p>Difficulty in following coevolutionary dynamics over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a new genotype spreads through a population, leading to the fixation of the trait?

    <p>Selective sweep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of biotic selection pressures that distinguishes them from abiotic selection pressures?

    <p>They are constantly changing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?

    <p>Abiotic selection pressures are driven by environmental factors, while biotic selection pressures are driven by species interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the interaction between species in which both species are negatively affected?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an antagonistic interaction?

    <p>Predation by sharks on seals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey in terms of trait values?

    <p>Increase in trait values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for coevolution to occur between two species?

    <p>Interactions between species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection?

    <p>Coevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?

    <p>Abiotic pressures are not affected by the adapting species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a competitive interaction?

    <p>Hyenas and lions competing for food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the cyclical dynamics of allele frequencies in the coevolution between hosts and parasites?

    <p>Due to the oscillation of rare genotypes being favored and common genotypes being selected against</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where species competing for the same resource diverge in their traits?

    <p>Character displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted outcome when garter snakes and newts coevolve in a population where the newts have the highest toxicity?

    <p>The snakes will evolve to be more resistant to the newts' toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the two models of antagonistic coevolution?

    <p>One model leads to the fixation of alleles, while the other leads to cyclical dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why it is challenging to find empirical evidence for the Red Queen hypothesis?

    <p>Because it is difficult to follow the coevolutionary dynamics of interacting species over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the experiment by Dolph Schluter and colleagues involving Canadian sticklebacks?

    <p>The gill raker length of the solitary form decreased in length as a result of competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of the coevolution between garter snakes and newts?

    <p>The selection pressure imposed by the garter snakes on the newts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where the allele frequencies oscillate in time, with rare genotypes being favored and common genotypes being selected against?

    <p>Cyclical selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the body size and gill raker length of the solitary and limnetic forms of Canadian sticklebacks?

    <p>The solitary form has a smaller body size and shorter gill raker length than the limnetic form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reciprocal selection that leads to the divergence of traits in competing species?

    <p>Character displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between coevolution and other types of evolution?

    <p>Coevolution is driven by reciprocal selection, while other types of evolution are driven by other mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors that have evolved as a result of coevolution?

    <p>Coadaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of coevolution?

    <p>Reciprocal selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey?

    <p>Trait values increase over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for coevolution to occur?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a new genotype spreads through a population, leading to the fixation of the trait?

    <p>Selective sweep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?

    <p>Abiotic pressures are not affected by the organism's adaptation, while biotic pressures are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection?

    <p>Coevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of interaction characterized by a negative impact on both species involved?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?

    <p>Coadaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Selection Pressures

    • There are two types of selection pressures: abiotic and biotic
    • Abiotic conditions are not affected if an organism adapts to them
    • Biotic environment is constantly changing, making it a "moving target" for adaptation

    Coevolution

    • Coevolution is reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection
    • It occurs when species interact and adapt to each other
    • Coevolution can occur in various types of interactions, including competitive, antagonistic, and mutualistic

    Types of Interactions

    • Competitive interactions: both species are negatively affected
    • Antagonistic interactions: one species benefits at the cost of another
    • Mutualistic interactions: each species benefits the other
    • Examples: hyenas and lions competing for food, cleaner fish removing ectoparasites from its host

    Coadaptations

    • Correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution
    • Examples: acacia plants hosting ants that provide protection from herbivores, and ants receiving food through extra floral nectaries and Beltian bodies

    Coevolutionary Arms Race

    • Reciprocal selection favors victim traits that decrease the efficacy/frequency of the interaction
    • Exploiter traits increase the efficacy/frequency of the interactions
    • Example: coevolution of running speed of predators and prey
    • Results in an escalation of phenotypes over time

    Models of Antagonistic Coevolution

    • Coevolution can lead to an escalation of phenotypes over time (arms race model)
    • Alternative model: cyclical dynamics in allele frequencies in both victims and exploiter species (Red Queen model)

    Coevolution in Competing Species

    • Coevolution can occur in the context of competing species
    • Reciprocal selection can favor divergence in traits, known as "character displacement"
    • Example: Canadian sticklebacks, where competition leads to selection towards the benthic form

    Types of Selection Pressures

    • There are two types of selection pressures: abiotic and biotic
    • Abiotic conditions are not affected if an organism adapts to them
    • Biotic environment is constantly changing, making it a "moving target" for adaptation

    Coevolution

    • Coevolution is reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection
    • It occurs when species interact and adapt to each other
    • Coevolution can occur in various types of interactions, including competitive, antagonistic, and mutualistic

    Types of Interactions

    • Competitive interactions: both species are negatively affected
    • Antagonistic interactions: one species benefits at the cost of another
    • Mutualistic interactions: each species benefits the other
    • Examples: hyenas and lions competing for food, cleaner fish removing ectoparasites from its host

    Coadaptations

    • Correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution
    • Examples: acacia plants hosting ants that provide protection from herbivores, and ants receiving food through extra floral nectaries and Beltian bodies

    Coevolutionary Arms Race

    • Reciprocal selection favors victim traits that decrease the efficacy/frequency of the interaction
    • Exploiter traits increase the efficacy/frequency of the interactions
    • Example: coevolution of running speed of predators and prey
    • Results in an escalation of phenotypes over time

    Models of Antagonistic Coevolution

    • Coevolution can lead to an escalation of phenotypes over time (arms race model)
    • Alternative model: cyclical dynamics in allele frequencies in both victims and exploiter species (Red Queen model)

    Coevolution in Competing Species

    • Coevolution can occur in the context of competing species
    • Reciprocal selection can favor divergence in traits, known as "character displacement"
    • Example: Canadian sticklebacks, where competition leads to selection towards the benthic form

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    Learn about the differences between abiotic and biotic selection pressures, and how coevolution drives reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species.

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