80 Questions
What is an example of a mutualistic interaction described in the text?
Plant-hosting ants
What is the term for the process of reciprocal selection that leads to an escalation of phenotypes?
Coevolutionary arms race
What is an example of a species that has evolved resistance to toxic substances?
Garter snake
What is the term for the process of genetic change in response to selection pressure?
Selective sweep
What is the term for the phenomenon where rare genotypes are favored and common genotypes are selected against?
Red Queen dynamics
What is an example of a species that has evolved toxic substances as an anti-predator defense?
North American newt
What is the term for the phenomenon where species competing for the same resource diverge in their traits?
Character displacement
What is an example of a species that has evolved extra floral nectaries and Beltian bodies to attract ants?
Acacia plant
What is the term for the study of the dynamics of coevolutionary interactions between species?
Coevolutionary dynamics
What is an example of a species that exhibits character displacement in their body size and gill raker length?
Canadian stickleback
What was the prediction of Dolph Schluter and colleagues in their experiment involving solitary and limnetic forms?
Selection towards the benthic form
What is the key difference between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?
Abiotic pressures are constant, whereas biotic pressures are changing
What type of interaction is characterized by one species benefiting at the cost of another species?
Antagonistic interaction
What is an example of a coadaptation in the interaction between acacia plants and ants?
The ants remove herbivores from the plant
What is necessary for coevolution to occur?
Genetic variation in the traits mediating the interaction
What is the term for the process by which a new genotype spreads through a population, leading to the fixation of the trait?
Selective sweep
What is the result of a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey in terms of trait values?
An escalation of trait values
What type of coevolution occurs when multiple groups of species interact with each other?
Diffuse coevolution
What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?
Coadaptations
What is the requirement for coevolution to occur between two species?
Tight ecological relationship between the interacting species
What is the primary distinction between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?
Abiotic conditions are not affected by adaptation, whereas biotic environments are
What is the term for the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection?
Coevolution
What type of interaction is characterized by a negative impact on both species involved?
Competition
What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?
Coadaptations
Which of the following is an example of an antagonistic interaction?
A shark catching a seal
What is the primary difference between competition and antagonism?
Competition affects both species negatively, whereas antagonism affects one species negatively and the other positively
What is the term for the interaction between species in which one species benefits and the other is not affected?
Commensalism
Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic interaction?
A blackbird feeding on a berry and dispersing its seeds
What is the primary driver of coevolution?
Natural selection
What is the term for the interaction between species in which both species are negatively affected?
Competition
What is the general outcome of the arms race between two species?
The species that responds most strongly to selection is the winner
What is the defense mechanism evolved by the newts in response to garter snake predation?
Production of toxic substances
What is the predicted outcome when garter snakes and newts coevolve in a population?
The snakes evolve resistance to the newts' toxins
What is the primary difference between the two models of antagonistic coevolution?
One model involves a genetic arms race, the other involves cyclical dynamics
Why is it challenging to find empirical evidence for the Red Queen hypothesis?
It is difficult to follow the coevolutionary dynamics of interacting species over multiple generations
What is the phenomenon observed in Canadian sticklebacks, where they differ in size and feeding ecology?
Character displacement
What was the prediction of Dolph Schluter and colleagues in their experiment involving Canadian sticklebacks?
Competition would result in selection towards the benthic form
What was the result of the experiment by Dolph Schluter and colleagues involving Canadian sticklebacks?
The gill rakers of the solitary form decreased in length
What is the term for the phenomenon where competing species diverge in their traits?
Character displacement
In the context of coevolution, what does 'exploiter' refer to?
A species that preys upon another
What is the primary requirement for coevolution to occur between two species?
Species must have a tight ecological relationship.
In a coevolutionary arms race, what is the outcome of the interaction between predators and prey?
Trait values increase through time in both predators and prey.
What is the term for the phenomenon where species competing for the same resource diverge in their traits?
Character displacement
What is the outcome of the interaction between garter snakes and newts in a population?
In populations where newts have high toxicity, snake resistance is also highest.
What is the term for the cyclical dynamics in allele frequencies in both victims and exploiter species?
Red Queen hypothesis
What is the primary driver of coevolution between two species?
Natural selection
What is the primary driver of the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species?
Natural selection
What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?
Coadaptations
What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?
Coadaptation
What is the primary challenge in finding empirical evidence for the Red Queen hypothesis?
Difficulty in following coevolutionary dynamics over multiple generations
What is the term for the process by which a new genotype spreads through a population, leading to the fixation of the trait?
Selective sweep
What is the characteristic of biotic selection pressures that distinguishes them from abiotic selection pressures?
They are constantly changing
What is the primary distinction between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?
Abiotic selection pressures are driven by environmental factors, while biotic selection pressures are driven by species interactions.
What is the term for the interaction between species in which both species are negatively affected?
Competition
What is an example of an antagonistic interaction?
Predation by sharks on seals
What is the outcome of a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey in terms of trait values?
Increase in trait values
What is necessary for coevolution to occur between two species?
Interactions between species
What is the term for the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection?
Coevolution
What is the primary difference between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?
Abiotic pressures are not affected by the adapting species
What is an example of a competitive interaction?
Hyenas and lions competing for food
What is the primary reason for the cyclical dynamics of allele frequencies in the coevolution between hosts and parasites?
Due to the oscillation of rare genotypes being favored and common genotypes being selected against
What is the term for the phenomenon where species competing for the same resource diverge in their traits?
Character displacement
What is the predicted outcome when garter snakes and newts coevolve in a population where the newts have the highest toxicity?
The snakes will evolve to be more resistant to the newts' toxins
What is the primary difference between the two models of antagonistic coevolution?
One model leads to the fixation of alleles, while the other leads to cyclical dynamics
What is the reason why it is challenging to find empirical evidence for the Red Queen hypothesis?
Because it is difficult to follow the coevolutionary dynamics of interacting species over multiple generations
What is the result of the experiment by Dolph Schluter and colleagues involving Canadian sticklebacks?
The gill raker length of the solitary form decreased in length as a result of competition
What is the primary driver of the coevolution between garter snakes and newts?
The selection pressure imposed by the garter snakes on the newts
What is the term for the phenomenon where the allele frequencies oscillate in time, with rare genotypes being favored and common genotypes being selected against?
Cyclical selection
What is the primary difference between the body size and gill raker length of the solitary and limnetic forms of Canadian sticklebacks?
The solitary form has a smaller body size and shorter gill raker length than the limnetic form
What is the term for the reciprocal selection that leads to the divergence of traits in competing species?
Character displacement
What is the key difference between coevolution and other types of evolution?
Coevolution is driven by reciprocal selection, while other types of evolution are driven by other mechanisms.
What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors that have evolved as a result of coevolution?
Coadaptations
What is the primary driver of coevolution?
Reciprocal selection
What is the result of a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey?
Trait values increase over time
What is necessary for coevolution to occur?
All of the above
What is the term for the process by which a new genotype spreads through a population, leading to the fixation of the trait?
Selective sweep
What is the primary distinction between abiotic and biotic selection pressures?
Abiotic pressures are not affected by the organism's adaptation, while biotic pressures are
What is the term for the reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection?
Coevolution
What is the term for the type of interaction characterized by a negative impact on both species involved?
Competition
What is the term for the correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution?
Coadaptations
Study Notes
Types of Selection Pressures
- There are two types of selection pressures: abiotic and biotic
- Abiotic conditions are not affected if an organism adapts to them
- Biotic environment is constantly changing, making it a "moving target" for adaptation
Coevolution
- Coevolution is reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection
- It occurs when species interact and adapt to each other
- Coevolution can occur in various types of interactions, including competitive, antagonistic, and mutualistic
Types of Interactions
- Competitive interactions: both species are negatively affected
- Antagonistic interactions: one species benefits at the cost of another
- Mutualistic interactions: each species benefits the other
- Examples: hyenas and lions competing for food, cleaner fish removing ectoparasites from its host
Coadaptations
- Correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution
- Examples: acacia plants hosting ants that provide protection from herbivores, and ants receiving food through extra floral nectaries and Beltian bodies
Coevolutionary Arms Race
- Reciprocal selection favors victim traits that decrease the efficacy/frequency of the interaction
- Exploiter traits increase the efficacy/frequency of the interactions
- Example: coevolution of running speed of predators and prey
- Results in an escalation of phenotypes over time
Models of Antagonistic Coevolution
- Coevolution can lead to an escalation of phenotypes over time (arms race model)
- Alternative model: cyclical dynamics in allele frequencies in both victims and exploiter species (Red Queen model)
Coevolution in Competing Species
- Coevolution can occur in the context of competing species
- Reciprocal selection can favor divergence in traits, known as "character displacement"
- Example: Canadian sticklebacks, where competition leads to selection towards the benthic form
Types of Selection Pressures
- There are two types of selection pressures: abiotic and biotic
- Abiotic conditions are not affected if an organism adapts to them
- Biotic environment is constantly changing, making it a "moving target" for adaptation
Coevolution
- Coevolution is reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection
- It occurs when species interact and adapt to each other
- Coevolution can occur in various types of interactions, including competitive, antagonistic, and mutualistic
Types of Interactions
- Competitive interactions: both species are negatively affected
- Antagonistic interactions: one species benefits at the cost of another
- Mutualistic interactions: each species benefits the other
- Examples: hyenas and lions competing for food, cleaner fish removing ectoparasites from its host
Coadaptations
- Correlations of traits or behaviors in interacting species that have evolved as a result of coevolution
- Examples: acacia plants hosting ants that provide protection from herbivores, and ants receiving food through extra floral nectaries and Beltian bodies
Coevolutionary Arms Race
- Reciprocal selection favors victim traits that decrease the efficacy/frequency of the interaction
- Exploiter traits increase the efficacy/frequency of the interactions
- Example: coevolution of running speed of predators and prey
- Results in an escalation of phenotypes over time
Models of Antagonistic Coevolution
- Coevolution can lead to an escalation of phenotypes over time (arms race model)
- Alternative model: cyclical dynamics in allele frequencies in both victims and exploiter species (Red Queen model)
Coevolution in Competing Species
- Coevolution can occur in the context of competing species
- Reciprocal selection can favor divergence in traits, known as "character displacement"
- Example: Canadian sticklebacks, where competition leads to selection towards the benthic form
Learn about the differences between abiotic and biotic selection pressures, and how coevolution drives reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species.
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