Profcor 9 - Prelim Lesson 3
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of ecology?

  • The study of the natural environment only
  • The study of the distribution and abundance of life only
  • The study of living organisms and their natural environment (correct)
  • The study of the interactions between humans and their environment

    • What does the term ecosystem refer to?

  • The interactions between living and non-living things (correct)
  • The interactions between living organisms only
  • The physical environment consisting of non-living components only
  • The biological environment consisting of living organisms only

    • What is the primary focus of ecosystem ecology?

  • The study of the interactions between living organisms only
  • The study of the distribution and abundance of life only
  • The study of the natural environment only
  • The integrated study of living and non-living components of ecosystems (correct)

    • What is community ecology concerned with?

    <p>The interactions among species in the same geographic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the ecology of human species known as?

    <p>Human ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recent addition to the categories of ecosystems?

    <p>Technoecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of living and non-living components of ecosystems known as?

    <p>Ecosystem ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the field of study that focuses on man as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities?

    <p>Bio-ecological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of population ecology?

    <p>The dynamics of species populations and their environmental interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a site that is a source of emigrants?

    <p>Source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the movement of populations?

    <p>Metapopulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of molecular ecology?

    <p>The relationship between ecology and genetic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of an organism's behavior in its environment?

    <p>Behavioral ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the school of thought that emphasizes the importance of considering the ecosystem as a whole?

    <p>Holism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that is leaving a region?

    <p>Emigrant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an unproductive site that only receives immigrants?

    <p>Sink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary input of energy into the ecosystem?

    <p>Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the part of the earth where plants and animals live?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abiotic factor is NOT included in the list of physical environment attributes?

    <p>Electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the social world of human relations and the built world of human creations?

    <p>Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the environment?

    <p>Time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria absorb light and assimilate energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the non-living elements and physical components of the environment?

    <p>Abiotic Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the climax vegetation, associated successional communities, subclimax communities, fauna, and soils?

    <p>Biome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of human disturbance, modifications to agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization?

    <p>Rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of autotrophs in an ecosystem?

    <p>To produce their own food through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of tertiary consumers?

    <p>They feed on a mix of herbivores and predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for organisms that decompose organic matter?

    <p>Detritivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a keystone species?

    <p>A species that is connected to a large number of other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the place on Earth's surface where life dwells?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biodiversity, and what role does it play in ecological health?

    <p>Biodiversity is the variety of species in ecosystems, and it plays an important role in ecological health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biome?

    <p>A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gravity in the context of the ecosystem?

    <p>To affect animal migrations and biomechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a fire on an ecosystem?

    <p>It consumes oxygen and releases CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dead organic matter in soil?

    <p>To provide nutrients and minerals to plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of how six major elements relate to biological cycles and climate?

    <p>Biogeochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the top layer of mineral and organic dirt?

    <p>Soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the shape and movement of tectonic plates?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of wind turbulence on ecosystems?

    <p>It creates thermally layered zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plants in ecosystems?

    <p>To convert carbon dioxide into biomass and emit oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life only in terrestrial ecosystems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecosystems are formed by the interactions between living organisms only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecosystem ecology is the study of the interactions between species in the same geographic area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human ecology is the study of the ecology of human species only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Technoecosystems are a type of ecosystem that is not affected by human activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Community ecology is the study of the interactions between living and non-living components of ecosystems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bio-ecological is the field of study that focuses on the ecology of human species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecosystems can be categorized into terrestrial, freshwater, atmospheric, and marine ecosystems only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Earth's environment consists of only the physical and biotic attributes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only plants and algae absorb light and assimilate energy through photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary input of energy into the ecosystem is the Earth's geology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lithosphere is the part of the Earth where plants and animals live.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atmosphere provides only oxygen to the ecosystem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fire is an abiotic factor of the physical environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrosphere is composed of only the water elements of the Earth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'biome' refers to the non-living elements and physical components of the environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gravity influences the growth of fungal organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fire only affects the oxygen levels in an ecosystem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soil contains only mineral components.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pedosphere is the study of the ecology of human species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biogeochemistry is the study of four major elements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind and turbulence only affect evapotranspiration rates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dead organic matter does not provide any benefits to the ecosystem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gravity does not affect the cardiovascular systems of animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human activities such as urbanization and industrialization lead to a decrease in biodiversity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autotrophs are consumers that feed on other organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Omnivores fit neatly into a functional category in the food web.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keystone species are connected to a small number of other species in the food web.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biosphere refers to the region of the Earth's surface where life does not dwell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biodiversity is not important for ecological health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A biome is a small community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Detritivores are organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biomass is typically highest in the top consumer of a food chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Terrestrial biomes include ice caps and deserts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Malthusian Growth Model states that a population will grow or decline exponentially.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gaia Hypothesis states that living organisms have no impact on the Earth's temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A microbiome is an ecosystem inhabited by microbial organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trophic levels are the positions occupied by organisms in a food web.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecotope refers to the habitat and niche of a species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A food chain is a network of feeding paths in an ecosystem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Terrestrial biomes are large portions of an ecosystem such as _______________, desert, ice caps.

    <p>tropical rainforest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human body is a _______________ for microbes.

    <p>biome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biotic factors are related to or caused by _______________ organisms.

    <p>living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The preferred habitat or environment of a species is called its _______________.

    <p>niche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The habitat plus the niche is called the _______________.

    <p>ecotope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gaia hypothesis states that a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the temperature of the Earth and atmospheric _______________.

    <p>conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A population will grow or decline exponentially as long as the environment experienced by all individuals in the population remains _______________.

    <p>constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A food chain is a simplified linear feeding path from a basic species to a top _______________.

    <p>consumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The estimated total dry weight in a trophic level is called the _______________.

    <p>biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants have the greatest _______________ in an ecosystem.

    <p>biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Biotic = related to or caused by living organisms Abiotic = not associated with or derived from living organisms Habitat = preferred environment of a species Niche = environment over which species occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Malthusian Growth Model = a population will grow or decline exponentially as long as the environment remains constant Gaia Hypothesis = a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the Earth's temperature and atmospheric conditions Ecotope = the habitat plus the niche of a species Trophic = organisms organized into levels or positions in a food chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:

    <p>Terrestrial Biomes = large portions of an ecosystem such as tropical rainforest, desert, ice caps Microbiomes = inhabited by microbial organisms Food Chain = a simplified linear feeding path from a basic species to a top consumer Food Web = a network in an ecosystem pertaining to the movement to sustain life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Biomass = the estimated total dry weight in a trophic level Ecotype = the habitat plus the niche of a species Trophic Level = organisms organized into levels or positions in a food chain Niche = the preferred habitat or environment of a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:

    <p>Gaia Hypothesis = a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the Earth's temperature and atmospheric conditions Malthusian Growth Model = a population will grow or decline exponentially as long as the environment remains constant Ecotope = the habitat plus the niche of a species Habitat = environment over which species occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Food Chain = a simplified linear feeding path from a basic species to a top consumer Food Web = a network in an ecosystem pertaining to the movement to sustain life Trophic Level = organisms organized into levels or positions in a food chain Biomass = the estimated total dry weight in a trophic level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:

    <p>Microbiomes = inhabited by microbial organisms Terrestrial Biomes = large portions of an ecosystem such as tropical rainforest, desert, ice caps Habitat = environment over which species occurs Niche = the preferred habitat or environment of a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Ecotope = the habitat plus the niche of a species Trophic Level = organisms organized into levels or positions in a food chain Biomass = the estimated total dry weight in a trophic level Gaia Hypothesis = a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the Earth's temperature and atmospheric conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:

    <p>Abiotic = not associated with or derived from living organisms Biotic = related to or caused by living organisms Habitat = environment over which species occurs Niche = the preferred habitat or environment of a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Malthusian Growth Model = a population will grow or decline exponentially as long as the environment remains constant Gaia Hypothesis = a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the Earth's temperature and atmospheric conditions Food Chain = a simplified linear feeding path from a basic species to a top consumer Food Web = a network in an ecosystem pertaining to the movement to sustain life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ecology Terminologies

    • Ecology: the study of relationships between living organisms and their natural environment, including life processes, and the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their environment.

    Ecosystem

    • Formed by the interactions between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.
    • Consists of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the non-living, physical components of the environment.
    • Ecosystem Ecology: the integrated study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework.
    • Categories of ecosystems: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Atmospheric, Marine, and Technoecosystems (affected by or primarily the result of human activity).

    Community Ecology

    • Interactions among species in the same geographic area.
    • Example: plants and decomposers (fungi and bacteria).

    Human Ecology

    • Study of the ecology of human species.
    • Fields:
      • Bio-ecological: human as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities.
      • Bio-logical standpoint: human as another animal affecting and being affected by the physical environment.
      • Human standpoint: human interacts and affects ecological environments in a distinctive and creative way.

    Population Ecology

    • Study of the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.
    • Metapopulation: study of the movement of populations.

    Molecular Ecology

    • Study of the relationship between ecology and genetic inheritance.

    Behavioral Ecology

    • Study of an organism's behavior in its environment and its ecological and environmental implications.

    Holism

    • School of thought that emphasizes that an ecosystem cannot be predicted or understood by a simple summation of the parts.

    Biomes

    • Major regional groupings of plants and animals discernible at a global scale.
    • Composed of climax vegetation, associated successional communities, subclimax communities, fauna, and soils.

    Abiotic Nature

    • Sunlight: the primary input of energy into the ecosystem, generates chemical reactions of life.
    • The Earth's Environment: includes the physical world, the social world of human relations, and the built world of human creations.

    Environment

    • Physical environment: abiotic factors such as temperature, radiation, light, chemistry, climate, and geology.
    • Biotic environment: includes genes, cells, organisms, members of the same species, and other species that share a habitat.

    Water

    • Key to life.
    • Hydrologic cycle: transformation of water from one state to another.

    Gravity

    • Influences the shape and movement of tectonic plates (earthquakes), affects plant and fungal growth (gravitroprism), animal migrations, and the biomechanics and size of animals.

    Pressure

    • Climatic and osmotic pressure places physiological constraints on organisms.
    • Affects those that fly and respire on high altitudes or dive to deep ocean depths.

    Wind and Turbulence

    • Influence heat, nutrient, and biochemical profiles of ecosystems.
    • Affects how fish, algae, and other parts of the aquatic ecology are structured.
    • Affects evapotranspiration rates.

    Fire

    • A natural or man-made disturbance that consumes oxygen, releases CO2, and affects living organisms in a catastrophic way.

    Soils

    • Top layer of mineral and organic dirt.
    • Important to agricultural science and ecology.
    • Dead organic matter provides minerals and nutrients for plants.

    Pedosphere

    • The whole of the planet's soil ecosystems.
    • Where a large biomass of the Earth's biodiversity organizes into trophic levels.

    Biogeochemistry

    • Study of how six major elements relate to biological cycles, processes, and climate.
    • The six major elements: Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), and Phosphorus (P).

    Effect of Human

    • Disturbance, biodiversity loss, and modifications to the planet's ecosystem.
    • Causes: rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, melting glaciers, ice caps, rising sea levels, higher planet temperature, extreme fluctuations in weather, and increased extinction rates.

    Life Species

    • Categorized as:
      • Autotrophs (Primary producers): produce their own food by photosynthesis.
      • Heterotrophs (consumers): feed on others.
      • Detritivores (decomposers): organisms that decompose organic matter, such as fungi and bacteria.

    Keystone Species

    • A specific species connected to a large number of other species in the food web, thus needed to sustain other communities.

    Biosphere

    • The place on Earth's surface where life dwells.
    • Coined by geologist Eduard Suessin 1875.

    Biodiversity

    • Varieties of species in ecosystems and their ecological interactions.
    • Plays an important role in ecological health.
    • Preventing species extinction is one way to preserve biodiversity.

    Biome

    • A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region.

    Ecology Terminologies

    • Ecology: study of relationships between living organisms and their natural environment, including life processes
    • Ecosystem: formed by interactions between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things
    • Ecosystem Ecology: integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions

    Community Ecology

    • Interactions among species in the same geographic area
    • Example: plants and decomposers (fungi and bacteria)

    Human Ecology

    • Study into the ecology of species
    • Fields:
      • Bio-ecological – with man as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities
      • The major regional groupings of plants and animals discernible at a global scale composed not only of the climax vegetation, but also of associated successional communities, subclimax communities, fauna and soils

    Biomes and Environment

    • Biomes: large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region
    • Abiotic Environment: non-living elements and physical components of the environment
    • Environment of Ecosystems: acts as a catalyst for genetic mutation
    • BIOSPHERE: “the place on Earth’s surface where life dwells”

    Biotic and Abiotic Factors

    • Biotic Environment: includes genes, cells, organisms, members of the same species and other species that share a habitat
    • Abiotic Environment: physical environment – abiotic factors such as temperature, radiation, light, chemistry, climate and geology
    • Water: key to life, hydrolologic cycle, transformation of water from one state to another
    • Gravity: influences the shape and movement of tectonic plates, affects plants and fungal growth, animal migrations, and the biomechanics and size of animals
    • Pressure: climatic and osmotic pressure places physiological constraints on organisms
    • Wind and Turbulence: influences heat, nutrient, and biochemical profiles of ecosystems
    • Fire: a natural or man-made disturbance which consumes oxygen, releases CO2, and affects living organisms in a catastrophic way
    • Soils: top layer of mineral and organic dirt, important to agricultural science and ecology

    Biogeochemistry and Human Impact

    • Biogeochemistry: study of how six major elements relate to biological cycles, processes, and climate
    • 6 major elements: Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), and Phosphorus (P)
    • Human Disturbance: biodiversity loss, modifications to agriculture, urbanization, industrialization – cause of ecosystem disruptions
    • Effects of Human Activities:
      • Rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels
      • Melting glaciers, ice caps, and sea levels
      • Higher planet temperature, extreme fluctuations in weather
      • Alteration of species distributions, and increased extinction rates

    Life and Species

    • Autotrophs (Primary producers): produce their own food by photosynthesis
    • Heterotrophs (consumers): feed on others
    • Detritivores (decomposers): organisms that decompose organic matter
    • Omnivores: eat both plant and animal tissues
    • Keystone Species: a specific species connected to a large number of other species in the food web
    • Biodiversity: varieties of species in ecosystems and their ecological interactions
    • Niche: the preferred habitat or environment of a species
    • Ecotope: the habitat plus the niche
    • Gaia Hypothesis: a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the temperature of the Earth and atmospheric conditions

    Ecology Terminologies

    • Ecology is the study of relationships between living organisms and their natural environment.
    • It involves the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their environment.

    Ecosystem

    • An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.
    • It includes all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the non-living, physical components of the environment.
    • Categories of ecosystems include Terrestrial, Freshwater, Atmospheric, Marine, and Technoecosystems (affected by human activity).

    Community Ecology

    • It involves the interactions among species in the same geographic area.
    • Example: plants and decomposers (fungi and bacteria) in an ecosystem.

    Human Ecology

    • It is the study of the ecology of species, with humans as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities.
    • Fields of study include bio-ecological, bio-logical, and human standpoint.

    Population Ecology

    • It is the study of the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.
    • It involves the study of movement of populations, including emigrants, immigrants, sites, sources, and sinks.

    Molecular Ecology

    • It is the study of the relationship between ecology and genetic inheritance.

    Behavioral Ecology

    • It is the study of an organism's behavior in its environment and its ecological and environmental implications.

    Holism

    • It is a school of thought that emphasizes that an ecosystem cannot be predicted or understood by a simple summation of the parts.

    Biomes

    • A biome is a large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region.
    • Examples of biomes include terrestrial biomes (e.g. tropical rainforest, desert, ice caps) and microbiomes (e.g. human body).

    Biotic and Abiotic

    • Biotic refers to living organisms or their interactions.
    • Abiotic refers to non-living elements or physical components of the environment.

    Habitat and Niche

    • Habitat refers to the environment over which a species occurs.
    • Niche refers to the preferred habitat or environment of a species.
    • Ecotope refers to the habitat plus the niche of a species.

    Gaia Hypothesis

    • It proposes that a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the temperature of the Earth and atmospheric conditions.

    Malthusian Growth Model

    • It is a model that predicts a population will grow or decline exponentially as long as the environment experienced by all individuals in the population remains constant.

    Food Chain and Food Web

    • A food chain is a simplified linear feeding path from a basic species to a top consumer.
    • A food web is a network in an ecosystem pertaining to the movement to sustain life.

    Trophic Levels and Biomass

    • Organisms are organized into trophic levels or the position they occupy in a food chain.
    • Biomass refers to the estimated total dry weight in a trophic level.
    • Plants have the greatest biomass in an ecosystem.

    Ecology Terminologies

    • Ecology is the study of relationships between living organisms and their natural environment.
    • It involves the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their environment.

    Ecosystem

    • An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.
    • It includes all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the non-living, physical components of the environment.
    • Categories of ecosystems include Terrestrial, Freshwater, Atmospheric, Marine, and Technoecosystems (affected by human activity).

    Community Ecology

    • It involves the interactions among species in the same geographic area.
    • Example: plants and decomposers (fungi and bacteria) in an ecosystem.

    Human Ecology

    • It is the study of the ecology of species, with humans as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities.
    • Fields of study include bio-ecological, bio-logical, and human standpoint.

    Population Ecology

    • It is the study of the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.
    • It involves the study of movement of populations, including emigrants, immigrants, sites, sources, and sinks.

    Molecular Ecology

    • It is the study of the relationship between ecology and genetic inheritance.

    Behavioral Ecology

    • It is the study of an organism's behavior in its environment and its ecological and environmental implications.

    Holism

    • It is a school of thought that emphasizes that an ecosystem cannot be predicted or understood by a simple summation of the parts.

    Biomes

    • A biome is a large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region.
    • Examples of biomes include terrestrial biomes (e.g. tropical rainforest, desert, ice caps) and microbiomes (e.g. human body).

    Biotic and Abiotic

    • Biotic refers to living organisms or their interactions.
    • Abiotic refers to non-living elements or physical components of the environment.

    Habitat and Niche

    • Habitat refers to the environment over which a species occurs.
    • Niche refers to the preferred habitat or environment of a species.
    • Ecotope refers to the habitat plus the niche of a species.

    Gaia Hypothesis

    • It proposes that a feedback loop generated by living organisms maintains the temperature of the Earth and atmospheric conditions.

    Malthusian Growth Model

    • It is a model that predicts a population will grow or decline exponentially as long as the environment experienced by all individuals in the population remains constant.

    Food Chain and Food Web

    • A food chain is a simplified linear feeding path from a basic species to a top consumer.
    • A food web is a network in an ecosystem pertaining to the movement to sustain life.

    Trophic Levels and Biomass

    • Organisms are organized into trophic levels or the position they occupy in a food chain.
    • Biomass refers to the estimated total dry weight in a trophic level.
    • Plants have the greatest biomass in an ecosystem.

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