Ecology and Chemistry Quiz

Biology Exam Review

• Ecosystems: A community of organisms interacting with their physical environment.
• Sustainable Ecosystem: Maintains structure and function without depleting resources.
• Biotic Factors: Living components (plants, animals, fungi).
• Abiotic Factors: Non-living components (water, sunlight, temperature).
• Niche: An organism's role within an ecosystem.
• Trophic Level: Position in a food chain.
• Trophic Efficiency: Energy transfer between trophic levels (typically 10%).
• Symbiosis: Close relationship benefiting at least one species.
  • Mutualism: Both species benefit (e.g., bees and flowers).
  • Parasitism: One species benefits, the other is harmed (e.g., ticks on dogs).
  • Commensalism: One species benefits, the other is unaffected.
• Predation: One organism (predator) hunts and consumes another (prey).
• Competition: Struggle for resources (food, territory).
• Food Chain: Linear sequence of organisms, transferring energy and nutrients.
• Food Web: Complex network of interconnected food chains.
• Biomass: Total mass of living organisms in an area.
• Decomposer: Break down dead organisms, returning nutrients.
• Producer: Produces its own food through photosynthesis.
• Fermentation: Sugar breakdown to energy without oxygen.
• Greenhouse Gas: Traps heat in the atmosphere (e.g., CO₂, methane).
• Global Warming: Earth's increasing temperature due to greenhouse gases.
• Lithosphere: Earth's rigid outer layer (crust and upper mantle).
• Biosphere: Region of Earth supporting life (land, water, atmosphere).
• Atmosphere: Layer of gases surrounding Earth (mostly nitrogen, oxygen).
• Hydrosphere: All water on Earth (oceans, rivers, lakes).
• Acid Precipitation: Rain, snow, or fog with pH < 5.6 (caused by pollutants).
• Population: A group of the same species in a specific area.
• Exponential Growth: Population growth at a constant rate.
• Carrying Capacity: Maximum population an ecosystem can sustain.
• Limiting Factors: Environmental factors restricting population growth (e.g., food, space).
• Predator: Hunts and eats other organisms.
• Prey: Organism hunted and consumed by a predator.
• Ecological Footprint: Human impact, measured by land and resources needed.
• Biodiversity: Variety of life in an ecosystem (species, genetic, and ecosystem).
• Hot Spots: Areas with high biodiversity and human threats.
• Community: A group of different species interacting in an area.
• Dominant Species: Significantly impacts community structure due to abundance/influence.
• Keystone Species: Species impacting ecosystem significantly, despite low abundance.
• Extinct Species: No longer exists anywhere.
• Endangered Species: Risk of extinction in the near future.
• Threatened Species: Likely to become endangered.
• Extirpated Species: Disappeared from an area but exists elsewhere.
• Stewardship: Responsible management of natural resources.
• Carbon Sink: Natural environment absorbing more CO₂ than it releases.

Biology Exam Review - Biotic Relationships

• Symbiosis: Interdependence of two species.
• Mutualism: Both species benefit (e.g., bees and flowers).
• Parasitism: One benefits, the other is harmed (e.g., ticks and dogs).
• Competition: Species compete for resources (territory).

Biology Exam Review - Food Webs

• Producers: Organisms making their own food (plants).
• Herbivores: Organisms eating producers (rabbits, cows).
• Omnivores: Organisms eating both plants and animals (humans, bears).
• Carnivores: Organisms eating other animals (lions, tigers).
• Decomposers: Break down dead matter (bacteria, fungi).
• Top Carnivore: Highest level predator (e.g., hawks, sharks).
• Trophic Level with Most Biomass: Usually producers.
• Bioaccumulation: Accumulation of toxins in organisms higher up the food chain.

Biology Exam Review - Human Impacts

• Carbon Cycle: Burning fossil fuels, deforestation increasing atmospheric CO₂ and contributing to global warming.
• Greenhouse Gases: Trap heat in Earth's atmosphere (e.g., CO₂, methane).
• Acid Precipitation: Pollutants (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides) react with water vapor, forming acid rain. Damages ecosystems and harms organisms.
• Ecological Footprint: Measures human impact by land and resources needed. Reduced by reducing waste, conserving energy, and using renewable resources.
• Biodiversity Decrease: Habitat destruction, pollution, overhunting, deforestation, invasive species.

Physics Exam Review

• Static Electricity: Build-up of electric charge due to friction.

• Current Electricity: Flow of electric charge through a conductor.

• Electrostatic Series: Ranking materials by electron gain/loss.

• Insulator: Doesn't allow charge flow (rubber, wood).

• Conductor: Allows charge flow (copper, aluminum).

• Semiconductor: Conducts charge under specific conditions (silicon).

• Ground: Safe path for charge to flow to the earth.

• Electroscope: Detects electric charge presence.

• Electric Field: Region around a charged object where it exerts force.

• Induced Charge Separation: Redistribution of charges in a neutral object near a charged object.

• Ion: Charged atom or molecule.

• Electric Circuit: Closed loop for current flow.

• Voltaic Cell: Converts chemical energy to electrical energy (battery).

• Battery: Voltaic cell(s) providing electrical energy.

• Electrodes: Conductors in voltaic cells/batteries.

• Electrolyte: Solution allowing ion movement in batteries.

• Dry Cell: Battery with paste-like electrolyte (AA, 9V).

• Wet Cell: Battery with liquid electrolyte (car battery).

• Primary Cell: Non-rechargeable battery.

• Secondary Cell: Rechargeable battery.

• Fuel Cell: Generates electricity through a chemical reaction (Hydrogen/Oxygen fuel cells).

• Open Circuit: Incomplete circuit path, no current flows.

• Closed Circuit: Complete circuit path, current flows.

• Current: Flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).

• Resistance: Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).

• Load: Device using electrical energy in a circuit (lightbulb, motor).

• Charging Methods:

  • Charging by Friction: Transfer of electrons when materials rubbed together.
  • Charging by Conduction: Electron transfer by direct contact.
  • Charging by Induction: Redistribution of charges without contact. Grounding may be involved.

• Electric Charge Law: Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

• Series Circuits:

  • Components connected in a single loop, same current, divided voltage.
  • Components related in series.
  • Components connected in parallel.
  • If one component fails in series, the entire circuit fails.

• Parallel Circuits:

  • Components connected in multiple branches, full voltage for each, divided current.
  • If one component fails in parallel, other components still function.

• Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance)

• Circuit Problem Solving: Apply circuit rules for series and parallel, Ohm's Law.

Chemistry Exam Review

• Matter: Anything with mass and volume.

• Pure Substance: Single type of particle (element or compound).

• Mixture: Multiple substances not chemically bonded (homogeneous or heterogeneous).

• Element: Pure substance, one type of atom (periodic table).

• Compound: Two or more elements chemically bonded.

• Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform composition throughout.

• Heterogeneous Mixture: Non-uniform composition (different components visible).

• Solute: Substance dissolved in a solution.

• Solvent: Substance doing the dissolving.

• Sublimation: Solid to gas without liquid phase.

• Evaporation: Liquid to gas at surface.

• Condensation: Gas to liquid.

• Solidification: Liquid to solid.

• Melting: Solid to liquid.

• Qualitative: Describes qualities (e.g., color, texture).

• Quantitative: Describes measurements (e.g., mass, temperature).

• Viscosity: Liquid's resistance to flow.

• Solubility: Ability of substance to dissolve in a solvent.

• Physical Property: Measured without changing composition (color, density).

• Chemical Property: Describes substance's ability to undergo a chemical change (flammability).

• Density: Mass per unit volume.

• Conductivity: Ability to conduct heat or electricity.

• Malleability: Ability to be hammered into sheets.

• Lustre: Material’s shine.

• Transmission of Light: Ability to allow light passage (transparent).

• Combustibility: Ability to burn.

• Stability: Ability to remain unchanged over time.

• Physical Change: Forms altered, composition unchanged.

• Chemical Change: New substance formed, composition changed.

• Atom: Smallest unit of an element.

• Atomic Number: Number of protons.

• Atomic Mass: Weighted average mass of an element's isotopes.

• Ion: Charged atom/molecule.

• Isotope: Atoms of same element with different neutron numbers.

• Valence Electron: Outermost electron shell, involved in bonding.

• Period: Horizontal row in periodic table.

• Group: Vertical column in periodic table, similar properties.

• Evidence of Chemical Change (5 Signs): Color change, precipitate formation, gas release, heat/light change, irreversibility.

• Atomic Theories:

  • Dalton: Atoms are indivisible, identical atoms within an element. Atoms combine in ratios to form compounds.
  • Thomson: Plum pudding model, atom has positive sphere with scattered electrons.
  • Rutherford: Nuclear model, small, dense nucleus with orbiting electrons.
  • Bohr: Electrons orbit nucleus in specific energy levels.

• Protons/Neutrons/Electrons: Proton (positive, nucleus), Neutron (neutral, nucleus), Electron (negative, outside nucleus).

• Element Chart Info: Element names, symbols, atomic numbers, atomic masses, protons, electrons and neutrons.

• Bohr Diagrams: Representing atoms and ions.

• Metals/Nonmetals/Metalloids: Properties of each.

• Group Characteristics: (Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth metals, Halogens, Noble Gases).

• Most Reactive Elements: (Specific elements from different groups with high reactivity).

• Ionic/Molecular Compounds: How they form, examples.

• Compound Naming & Formula Writing: Practice in naming and writing the formulas for different compounds.

• Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams for Compounds: Illustrate element arrangement in covalent and ionic compounds.

Test your knowledge on key concepts in ecology and chemistry, including ecosystems, energy transfer, and chemical compounds. This quiz covers topics such as niches, trophic levels, and greenhouse gases, providing a comprehensive review of essential scientific principles.