Ecological Systems Theory in Child Development

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What is the definition of growth in human development?

The ability to express feelings and develop relationships

The ability to process information and solve problems

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception

The quantitative changes in an individual as they progress in age (correct)

Which domain of development refers to the ability to comprehend, utilize, and manipulate language?

Language development (correct)

Physical development

Cognitive development

Socioemotional development

What accounts for age-related changes in growth and development?

Maturation (correct)

Hereditary

Learning

Environmental influences

What aspect of development connotes modification of behavior that results from practice and experience?

Learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of interpreting new experiences within existing cognitive structures?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and actions, which is entirely unconscious and non-symbolic?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of the child to know that an object still exists even when out of sight?

Object permanence Signup and view all the answers

During which sub-stage does the child begin to think about and act on the world internally?

Representation Signup and view all the answers

What does egocentrism refer to in the preoperational stage?

The tendency to only see one's point of view Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of creating a new schema?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What does centration refer to in the preoperational stage?

The tendency to focus on one aspect of a thing or event Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to represent objects and events in the preoperational stage?

Symbolic function Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the child's trial-and-error exploration of the world to discover new and different ways of acting on it?

Experimentation Signup and view all the answers

What does irreversibility refer to in the preoperational stage?

The inability to reverse thinking Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children develop their capacity to employ symbols, particularly language, and begin to conserve the qualitative and quantitative identity of objects?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, which part of the personality is pleasure-oriented and driven by the 'pleasure principle'?

Id Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of Psychosexual Development does a person focus on identifying with gender role models?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of defense mechanisms, as per Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

To protect the personality from unpleasant thoughts Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, what is meant by 'organization'?

Tendency to arrange available schemata into coherent systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the ego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Balancing conflicting demands of the id and superego Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to a 'safe' object?

Displacement Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of Psychosexual Development does a person focus on social interaction?

Latency stage Signup and view all the answers

'Rationalization' as a defense mechanism involves inventing a logical reason after an emotional act is made. Which of the following is an example of rationalization?

'Justifying cheating on an exam by saying that everyone else cheats' Signup and view all the answers

'Introjection' as a defense mechanism involves internalizing the values or characteristics of another person. Which of the following is an example of introjection?

'Internalizing the values or characteristics of another person' Signup and view all the answers

'Regression' as a defense mechanism involves reverting behavior to a previous age. Which of the following is an example of regression?

'Reverting behavior to a previous age' Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychological purpose of fixingation, as per Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

To maintain an acceptable level of dynamic equilibrium. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of psychosocial development is characterized by a child's desire to explore and make decisions?

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does an older adult contemplate their accomplishments and develop integrity or despair?

Maturity (65 to death) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves a child's need to cope with social and academic demands?

School Age (6 to 11 years) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does a young adult explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments?

Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves a child's desire to belong to society and explore possibilities for their identity?

Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does a child's sense of initiative develop if encouraged?

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves a child's need to build trust or develop mistrust?

Infancy (birth to 18 months) Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does an adult create or nurture things that will outlast them?

Maturity (65 to death) Signup and view all the answers

"Identity vs. Role Confusion" is a conflict associated with which age group?

(12 to 18 years) Signup and view all the answers

"Ego Integrity vs. Despair" is a conflict associated with which age group?

(65 years and over) Signup and view all the answers

Which conflict is associated with the preschool age group?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

The conflict 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' is relevant during which age group?

(40-65 years) Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of others?

Interpersonal Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Who is likely to have the ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other objects in nature?

Zoologists Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of learning involves attaching new stimuli to established modes of behavior?

Theory of Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Who accidentally discovered classical conditioning while doing research on digestion?

Ivan Pavlov Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves responses being decreased if the presentation of conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus over time?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner, what is a process of learning in which reinforced behaviors tend to be repeated and occur more frequently?

Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to control one’s body movements and handle objects skillfully?

'Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence' Signup and view all the answers

Who would most likely appreciate pitch, rhythm, melody, and aesthetic sounding tones?

'Singers' Signup and view all the answers

At what age range do children typically enter the Concrete Operational Stage?

6-12 years Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations?

Decentering Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory involves developing a sense of trust or mistrust?

Trust Vs Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What does the Formal Operational Stage in children emphasize?

Abstract thinking Signup and view all the answers

What does Collective Monologues refer to in children's behavior?

Responses not related to another child’s words Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to come up with different hypotheses about a problem and gather data to make a final decision known as?

Hypothetical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

Thinking with real or concrete objects and actions Signup and view all the answers

What does Reversibility refer to during the Concrete Operational Stage?

Ability to follow that certain operations can be done in reverse Signup and view all the answers

'Conservation' refers to the ability to know that certain properties of objects do not change even if there is a change in:

Appearance Signup and view all the answers

'Analogical reasoning' involves perceiving a relationship in one instance and using that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem. This ability is characteristic of the:

Formal Operational Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Transductive reasoning?

Type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive Signup and view all the answers

What does Decentering refer to in children's cognitive development?

Ability to perceive different features of objects and situations Signup and view all the answers

According to Marcia's Identity Status Theory, which status occurs when individuals have explored different options and made identity commitments?

Identity achievement Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mesosystem involve in ecological systems theory?

Interconnections between microsystems Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the need for appreciation and respect?

Esteem needs Signup and view all the answers

What does Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggest?

Intelligence has eight different capacities Signup and view all the answers

In ecological systems theory, what does the Macrosystem involve?

Ideologies of a child's culture Signup and view all the answers

Which ecological system consists of family, peers, schools, and neighborhood?

Microsystem Signup and view all the answers

According to ecological systems theory, what does the Chronosystem include?

Patterns of stability and change in children's environment over time Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence involves well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words according to Gardner's theory?

Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which status according to Marcia's Identity Status Theory occurs when adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made commitments?

Moratorium Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to needs for meaningful and affectionate relationships?

Love and belonging or social needs Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence according to Gardner's theory involves the ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and capacity to detect logical or numerical patterns?

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

According to ecological systems theory, which system involves settings that indirectly affect a child’s development such as parent’s workplace, city government, and mass media?

Exosystem Signup and view all the answers

What is the foundation of a child’s cognitive and emotional development according to ecological systems theory?

Microsystem Signup and view all the answers

At which level of moral reasoning is one motivated by fear of punishment?

Pre-conventional level Signup and view all the answers

In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what does imitative learning refer to?

A person trying to imitate or copy another person Signup and view all the answers

What does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory emphasize?

The product of children's relationship to their environment Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is the Zone of Proximal Development?

The difference between what a child can accomplish alone and with guidance Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of moral reasoning is one motivated by what others expect in behavior?

Stage 3: Social Approval Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky's theory emphasize about cognitive development?

Development depends on interaction with cultural tools Signup and view all the answers

In Vygotsky's theory, what does inner speech refer to?

Speech used by children to think in their minds about a problem or task Signup and view all the answers

At which level does moral reasoning involve acting based on social justice and the common good?

Post-conventional level Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis of Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory?

The product of children’s relationship to their environment Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is instructed learning in socio-cultural theory?

A person remembers the instructions of the teacher and then uses them to self-regulate. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main principles behind Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory?

Language plays a vital role in cognitive development. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of moral reasoning does one act based on upholding law and order?

Stage 4: Law and Order. Signup and view all the answers

Ecological Systems Theory in Child Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of growth in human development?

Which domain of development refers to the ability to comprehend, utilize, and manipulate language?

What accounts for age-related changes in growth and development?

What aspect of development connotes modification of behavior that results from practice and experience?

What is the process of interpreting new experiences within existing cognitive structures?

At which stage do children acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and actions, which is entirely unconscious and non-symbolic?

What is the ability of the child to know that an object still exists even when out of sight?

During which sub-stage does the child begin to think about and act on the world internally?

What does egocentrism refer to in the preoperational stage?

What is the process of creating a new schema?

What does centration refer to in the preoperational stage?

What is the ability to represent objects and events in the preoperational stage?

What refers to the child's trial-and-error exploration of the world to discover new and different ways of acting on it?

What does irreversibility refer to in the preoperational stage?

At which stage do children develop their capacity to employ symbols, particularly language, and begin to conserve the qualitative and quantitative identity of objects?

According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, which part of the personality is pleasure-oriented and driven by the 'pleasure principle'?

During which stage of Psychosexual Development does a person focus on identifying with gender role models?

What is the primary purpose of defense mechanisms, as per Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

In Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, what is meant by 'organization'?

What is the primary focus of the ego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to a 'safe' object?

During which stage of Psychosexual Development does a person focus on social interaction?

'Rationalization' as a defense mechanism involves inventing a logical reason after an emotional act is made. Which of the following is an example of rationalization?

'Introjection' as a defense mechanism involves internalizing the values or characteristics of another person. Which of the following is an example of introjection?

'Regression' as a defense mechanism involves reverting behavior to a previous age. Which of the following is an example of regression?

What is the psychological purpose of fixingation, as per Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Which stage of psychosocial development is characterized by a child's desire to explore and make decisions?

In which stage does an older adult contemplate their accomplishments and develop integrity or despair?

Which stage involves a child's need to cope with social and academic demands?

During which stage does a young adult explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments?

Which stage involves a child's desire to belong to society and explore possibilities for their identity?

In which stage does a child's sense of initiative develop if encouraged?

Which stage involves a child's need to build trust or develop mistrust?

At what stage does an adult create or nurture things that will outlast them?

"Identity vs. Role Confusion" is a conflict associated with which age group?

"Ego Integrity vs. Despair" is a conflict associated with which age group?

Which conflict is associated with the preschool age group?

The conflict 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' is relevant during which age group?

What is the capacity to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of others?

Who is likely to have the ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other objects in nature?

Which theory of learning involves attaching new stimuli to established modes of behavior?

Who accidentally discovered classical conditioning while doing research on digestion?

Which process involves responses being decreased if the presentation of conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus over time?

According to Skinner, what is a process of learning in which reinforced behaviors tend to be repeated and occur more frequently?

What is the ability to control one’s body movements and handle objects skillfully?

Who would most likely appreciate pitch, rhythm, melody, and aesthetic sounding tones?

At what age range do children typically enter the Concrete Operational Stage?

What refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations?

Which stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory involves developing a sense of trust or mistrust?

What does the Formal Operational Stage in children emphasize?

What does Collective Monologues refer to in children's behavior?

What is the ability to come up with different hypotheses about a problem and gather data to make a final decision known as?

What is the characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

What does Reversibility refer to during the Concrete Operational Stage?

'Conservation' refers to the ability to know that certain properties of objects do not change even if there is a change in:

'Analogical reasoning' involves perceiving a relationship in one instance and using that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem. This ability is characteristic of the:

What is the main characteristic of Transductive reasoning?

What does Decentering refer to in children's cognitive development?

According to Marcia's Identity Status Theory, which status occurs when individuals have explored different options and made identity commitments?

What does the Mesosystem involve in ecological systems theory?

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the need for appreciation and respect?

What does Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggest?

In ecological systems theory, what does the Macrosystem involve?

Which ecological system consists of family, peers, schools, and neighborhood?

According to ecological systems theory, what does the Chronosystem include?

Which intelligence involves well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words according to Gardner's theory?

Which status according to Marcia's Identity Status Theory occurs when adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made commitments?

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to needs for meaningful and affectionate relationships?

Which intelligence according to Gardner's theory involves the ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and capacity to detect logical or numerical patterns?

According to ecological systems theory, which system involves settings that indirectly affect a child’s development such as parent’s workplace, city government, and mass media?

What is the foundation of a child’s cognitive and emotional development according to ecological systems theory?

At which level of moral reasoning is one motivated by fear of punishment?

In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what does imitative learning refer to?

What does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory emphasize?

According to Vygotsky, what is the Zone of Proximal Development?

At which stage of moral reasoning is one motivated by what others expect in behavior?