Ecological Systems Theory in Child Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of growth in human development?

  • The ability to express feelings and develop relationships
  • The ability to process information and solve problems
  • The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception
  • The quantitative changes in an individual as they progress in age (correct)

    • Which domain of development refers to the ability to comprehend, utilize, and manipulate language?

  • Language development (correct)
  • Physical development
  • Cognitive development
  • Socioemotional development

    • What accounts for age-related changes in growth and development?

  • Maturation (correct)
  • Hereditary
  • Learning
  • Environmental influences

    • What aspect of development connotes modification of behavior that results from practice and experience?

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of interpreting new experiences within existing cognitive structures?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage do children acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and actions, which is entirely unconscious and non-symbolic?

    <p>Sensorimotor Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of the child to know that an object still exists even when out of sight?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which sub-stage does the child begin to think about and act on the world internally?

    <p>Representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does egocentrism refer to in the preoperational stage?

    <p>The tendency to only see one's point of view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of creating a new schema?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does centration refer to in the preoperational stage?

    <p>The tendency to focus on one aspect of a thing or event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to represent objects and events in the preoperational stage?

    <p>Symbolic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the child's trial-and-error exploration of the world to discover new and different ways of acting on it?

    <p>Experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does irreversibility refer to in the preoperational stage?

    <p>The inability to reverse thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage do children develop their capacity to employ symbols, particularly language, and begin to conserve the qualitative and quantitative identity of objects?

    <p>Preoperational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, which part of the personality is pleasure-oriented and driven by the 'pleasure principle'?

    <p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of Psychosexual Development does a person focus on identifying with gender role models?

    <p>Phallic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of defense mechanisms, as per Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To protect the personality from unpleasant thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, what is meant by 'organization'?

    <p>Tendency to arrange available schemata into coherent systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the ego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>Balancing conflicting demands of the id and superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to a 'safe' object?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of Psychosexual Development does a person focus on social interaction?

    <p>Latency stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rationalization' as a defense mechanism involves inventing a logical reason after an emotional act is made. Which of the following is an example of rationalization?

    <p>'Justifying cheating on an exam by saying that everyone else cheats'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Introjection' as a defense mechanism involves internalizing the values or characteristics of another person. Which of the following is an example of introjection?

    <p>'Internalizing the values or characteristics of another person'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Regression' as a defense mechanism involves reverting behavior to a previous age. Which of the following is an example of regression?

    <p>'Reverting behavior to a previous age'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the psychological purpose of fixingation, as per Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To maintain an acceptable level of dynamic equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of psychosocial development is characterized by a child's desire to explore and make decisions?

    <p>Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage does an older adult contemplate their accomplishments and develop integrity or despair?

    <p>Maturity (65 to death)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves a child's need to cope with social and academic demands?

    <p>School Age (6 to 11 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does a young adult explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments?

    <p>Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves a child's desire to belong to society and explore possibilities for their identity?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage does a child's sense of initiative develop if encouraged?

    <p>Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves a child's need to build trust or develop mistrust?

    <p>Infancy (birth to 18 months)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does an adult create or nurture things that will outlast them?

    <p>Maturity (65 to death)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Identity vs. Role Confusion" is a conflict associated with which age group?

    <p>(12 to 18 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Ego Integrity vs. Despair" is a conflict associated with which age group?

    <p>(65 years and over)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conflict is associated with the preschool age group?

    <p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conflict 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' is relevant during which age group?

    <p>(40-65 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of others?

    <p>Interpersonal Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is likely to have the ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other objects in nature?

    <p>Zoologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of learning involves attaching new stimuli to established modes of behavior?

    <p>Theory of Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who accidentally discovered classical conditioning while doing research on digestion?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves responses being decreased if the presentation of conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus over time?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Skinner, what is a process of learning in which reinforced behaviors tend to be repeated and occur more frequently?

    <p>Operant Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to control one’s body movements and handle objects skillfully?

    <p>'Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who would most likely appreciate pitch, rhythm, melody, and aesthetic sounding tones?

    <p>'Singers'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range do children typically enter the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>6-12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations?

    <p>Decentering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory involves developing a sense of trust or mistrust?

    <p>Trust Vs Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Formal Operational Stage in children emphasize?

    <p>Abstract thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Collective Monologues refer to in children's behavior?

    <p>Responses not related to another child’s words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to come up with different hypotheses about a problem and gather data to make a final decision known as?

    <p>Hypothetical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>Thinking with real or concrete objects and actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Reversibility refer to during the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>Ability to follow that certain operations can be done in reverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Conservation' refers to the ability to know that certain properties of objects do not change even if there is a change in:

    <p>Appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Analogical reasoning' involves perceiving a relationship in one instance and using that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem. This ability is characteristic of the:

    <p>Formal Operational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Transductive reasoning?

    <p>Type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Decentering refer to in children's cognitive development?

    <p>Ability to perceive different features of objects and situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marcia's Identity Status Theory, which status occurs when individuals have explored different options and made identity commitments?

    <p>Identity achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mesosystem involve in ecological systems theory?

    <p>Interconnections between microsystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the need for appreciation and respect?

    <p>Esteem needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggest?

    <p>Intelligence has eight different capacities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ecological systems theory, what does the Macrosystem involve?

    <p>Ideologies of a child's culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ecological system consists of family, peers, schools, and neighborhood?

    <p>Microsystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ecological systems theory, what does the Chronosystem include?

    <p>Patterns of stability and change in children's environment over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intelligence involves well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words according to Gardner's theory?

    <p>Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which status according to Marcia's Identity Status Theory occurs when adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made commitments?

    <p>Moratorium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to needs for meaningful and affectionate relationships?

    <p>Love and belonging or social needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intelligence according to Gardner's theory involves the ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and capacity to detect logical or numerical patterns?

    <p>Logical-Mathematical Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ecological systems theory, which system involves settings that indirectly affect a child’s development such as parent’s workplace, city government, and mass media?

    <p>Exosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foundation of a child’s cognitive and emotional development according to ecological systems theory?

    <p>Microsystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level of moral reasoning is one motivated by fear of punishment?

    <p>Pre-conventional level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what does imitative learning refer to?

    <p>A person trying to imitate or copy another person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory emphasize?

    <p>The product of children's relationship to their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky, what is the Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>The difference between what a child can accomplish alone and with guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of moral reasoning is one motivated by what others expect in behavior?

    <p>Stage 3: Social Approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Vygotsky's theory emphasize about cognitive development?

    <p>Development depends on interaction with cultural tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vygotsky's theory, what does inner speech refer to?

    <p>Speech used by children to think in their minds about a problem or task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level does moral reasoning involve acting based on social justice and the common good?

    <p>Post-conventional level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main emphasis of Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory?

    <p>The product of children’s relationship to their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky, what is instructed learning in socio-cultural theory?

    <p>A person remembers the instructions of the teacher and then uses them to self-regulate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main principles behind Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory?

    <p>Language plays a vital role in cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of moral reasoning does one act based on upholding law and order?

    <p>Stage 4: Law and Order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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