47 Questions
What are the main drivers of community change?
Both abiotic and biotic drivers
Which of the following is a positive interaction in a community?
Mutualism
What is the difference between direct and indirect competition?
Direct competition involves individuals reducing exploitation efficiency of another, while indirect competition involves populations depressing one another through shared resources.
What is parasitism?
A predator living in symbiosis with its prey.
What factors affect the type of parasites a host may have?
Abiotic and biotic environments.
What are positive interactions?
Interactions where both species benefit.
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Primary succession is colonization of lifeless habitats, while secondary succession is reestablishment after destruction.
What factors affect the types of parasites that can infect a host?
Biotic and abiotic environments
What is a mutualistic association between fungi and plant roots called?
Mycorrhizae
What are the three ways to describe community structure?
Diversity, richness, and evenness
How do parasites complete their lifecycle and transmission to the next host?
By manipulating host behavior
How do parasites manipulate host behavior?
By altering the host's brain chemistry.
What are mycorrhizae?
Mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots.
Who were some early researchers in successional studies?
Cowles, Clements, and Gleason
What are the three models of successional mechanisms?
Facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition
What is habitat mutualism?
Interactions where one species benefits from the other's habitat.
What are the three types of species that have large effects on communities?
Keystone species, foundation species, and ecosystem engineers
What defenses do hosts have against parasites?
Immune system, biochemical defenses, and defensive symbionts.
What defenses do hosts have against parasites?
Immune system, biochemical defenses, and defensive symbionts
How do parasites evade and tolerate hosts?
By hiding from the host's immune system.
What mechanisms do parasites have for host evasion and tolerance?
They can alter their gene expression
What type of competition depends on limiting resources in both above-ground and below-ground environments?
Interspecific competition
What is the difference between obligate and facultative mutualism?
Obligate mutualism is essential for survival, while facultative mutualism is not required for survival.
What determines the amount and speed of community change?
Both severity and frequency of disturbance
How can parasites affect host population growth rate?
By decreasing the host population.
What are community subsets?
Shared evolutionary lineages, guilds, and functional groups.
What were some areas tested for successional models?
Glacier Bay and salt marshes
What is the term for interactive species that occur together in the same place?
Community
What are some important factors in successional models?
Facilitation, inhibition, and competition
What is competition?
The interaction between individuals or populations of the same or different species.
What is the term for when multiple species occupy the same niche in multidimensional niche space?
Coexistence
What is the difference between interaction webs and food webs?
Interaction webs include all factors lacking in food webs.
What are the two types of species interactions?
Direct and indirect
What is hysteresis?
The phenomenon where a community can have multiple stable states
What are the four components of community structure?
Species richness, evenness, diversity, and composition.
What does the niche refer to?
The environmental conditions that meet the abiotic and biotic requirements of a species.
What are positive interactions?
Mutualism, commensalism, and various types of benefit such as food, shelter, and protection.
What is a keystone species?
A species that has a large effect on its community.
What is inhibition in successional models?
When one species prevents another species from establishing
What is the term for a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance?
Keystone species
What does biodiversity encompass?
Diversity at all scales and its interconnectedness
How can community structure be described?
Species richness, evenness, diversity, composition, and interactions between species.
What is a foundation species?
A species that provides the physical structure for its community.
What is tolerance in successional models?
When multiple species can establish and coexist in the same area
What is facilitation in successional models?
When one species helps another species establish
What are ecosystem engineers?
Species that modify their physical environment.
Is succession affected by biotic and abiotic factors?
Yes, both biotic and abiotic factors affect succession
Study Notes
- Parasitism involves a predator (parasite) living in symbiosis with its prey (host).
- Hosts may have different parasites that depend on various factors such as abiotic and biotic environments.
- Parasites can manipulate host behavior to complete their lifecycle and transmission to the next host.
- Hosts have various defenses against parasites, such as immune system, biochemical defenses, and defensive symbionts.
- Parasites have mechanisms for host evasion and tolerance.
- Parasites can affect host population growth rate, range, abundance, and community interactions.
- Competition occurs between individuals or populations of the same or different species, affecting their survival, growth, or reproduction.
- The niche refers to the environmental conditions that meet the abiotic and biotic requirements of a species.
- Positive interactions include mutualism, commensalism, and various types of benefit such as food, shelter, and protection.
- Community structure can be described by species richness, evenness, diversity, composition, and interactions between species.
Test your knowledge of ecological concepts with our quiz! From parasitism and competition to positive interactions and community structure, this quiz covers a wide range of topics. You'll learn about the intricacies of predator-prey relationships, host defenses against parasites, and the environmental conditions that support different species. Whether you're a student or a nature enthusiast, this quiz is perfect for anyone interested in understanding the complex interactions between organisms and their environment. Can you ace this ecological challenge?
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