Ecol 172: Socio-ecology Module 3 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a territory in terms of government?

A geographic area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority.

What is a territory in terms of animal behavior?

An area often including a nesting or denning site and a variable foraging range that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals.

What are the four key adaptations that allowed humans to adapt to changing environments?

Improvements in visual perception, ability to stand and move on two feet, freeing of the hands from locomotive functions, alterations in the ability to grasp, and development of a means of communication and/or language.

What is the ability to fashion tools based on available materials in the environment a result of?

<p>The capability to solve first-order problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to make tools that could be used to make better tools a result of?

<p>Increased capability to solve second-order problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four key benefits of adaptations to humans?

<p>Expansion of geographic area, colonization of diverse ecosystems, mapping out a home range, and demarcation of territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a home range?

<p>The area wherein an individual normally lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a home range encompass?

<p>All the resources the animal requires to survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a living space?

<p>The amount of space an animal uses on a regular basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that influence the size of home range?

<p>Species niche, size, and density in an area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most direct method of obtaining plant and animal products?

<p>Collecting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is normally associated with the capture of terrestrial fauna?

<p>Hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is associated with the capture of aquatic fauna?

<p>Fishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hunter-gatherers?

<p>People who live by hunting and gathering food such as wild animals, birds and fish, wild fruits, nuts, mushrooms, edible roots and tubers, and honey from the nests of wild bees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hunter-gatherer activities sometimes include the capture of free-range domesticated animals.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hunter-gatherer activities can provide as much as 50% of the diet of hunter-gatherers.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two groups of well-known hunter-gatherers?

<p>Aborigines of Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most hunter-gatherer groups have been displaced from their ancestral lands.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that most hunter-gatherer groups obtain their livelihood in modern times?

<p>Public aid and paid labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the San (Bushmen) of Botswana, Namibia, and Southern Angola previously live as?

<p>Hunter-gatherers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the San (Bushmen) currently thrive as?

<p>Low-status laborers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the Pygmy people live?

<p>The tropical rain forests of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, and Gabon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Pygmy people actively hunt animals but prefer to obtain vegetables by trading or working for their farming neighbors.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Less-known hunter-gatherers are facing pressure from governments and settled neighbors.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pressures faced by less-known hunter-gatherers from governments and settled neighbors?

<p>To surrender their lands in favor of commercial and industrial development, and to reject many aspects of their traditional culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increasing difficulty to live by hunting and gathering has not pushed native peoples to organized political movements.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of being deprived of their chosen way of life, land, and sense of identity for former hunter-gatherers?

<p>They often end up as impoverished and stigmatized welfare recipients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some former hunter-gatherers have become beggars or prostitutes in order to survive.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some former hunter-gatherers have opted to rebel or declare open warfare against societies that have marginalized them.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hunter-gatherer cultures lack social hierarchies but have significant differentiation in terms of power, wealth, and prestige.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The equality in hunter-gatherer societies is merely a result of material poverty.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core value emphasized by hunter-gatherer group ideology?

<p>Communal sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of total nomadism?

<p>Animal owners do not have a permanent place of residence, do not practice regular cultivation, and have families that move with the herds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of semi-nomadism?

<p>Animal owners have a permanent place of residence adjacent to which are areas where supplementary cultivation is practiced, although they also travel with their herds to distant grazing areas for long periods of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of transhumance?

<p>Farmers with a permanent place of residence send their herds, tended by herdsmen, for long periods of time to distant grazing areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of stationary animal husbandry?

<p>This signifies a settled lifestyle with animals kept in enclosed or controlled environments for consistent resource management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mandate of governments in relation to human settlement?

<p>Balance between demographic trends and population movements versus agricultural production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major causes of environmental degradation?

<p>Inappropriate and uncontrolled utilization of resources and increased demand for food and rapid population growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are potential solutions to environmental degradation?

<p>Application of available, better, and efficient food production techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ecol 172: Socio-ecology

  • Course information:
    • Course name: Ecol 172 (Social Science Elective 3)
    • Course topic: Socio-ecology
    • Lecture time: 2:30 PM – 4:00 PM, Mondays and Thursdays
    • Lecturer: Cheryl C. Batistel
    • Lecturer email: [email protected]
    • Department: Department of Biological Sciences, VSU, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte

Module 3: Territory and Natural Resource Utilization

  • Learning outcomes:
    • Define territory
    • Describe natural resource utilization across cultures
    • Compare stationariness types in semi-arid tropics and subtropics

Territory

  • Definition 1 (Slide 3): A geographic area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority.
  • Definition 2 (Slide 4): An area often including a nesting or denning site and a variable foraging range that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals.
  • Human adaptation: Humans have adapted to changing environments through several key improvements, including:
    • improved visual perception
    • ability to stand and move on two feet
    • freeing of hands from locomotive functions
    • alterations in the ability to grasp; execute precision grips
    • development of communication and/or language

Levels of Adaptations resulting to Use of Tools

  • Early humans developed tool-making abilities as adaptations to solve problems.
  • Stages of tool making:
    • Started with shaping large rocks.
    • Used stone hammers.
    • Sharpened edges using wooden/antler hammers
    • Further trimmed edges by carefully removing small flakes
  • Improvement in tools reflected improved problem-solving capabilities
  • Evidence of tool evolution timelines (Slide 8): Shows the progression of stone tool technology from early hominids to Homo sapiens.

Importance of Adaptations to Humans

  • Expansion of geographic area
  • Colonization of diverse ecosystems
  • Mapping out a home range
  • Demarcation of territories

Concept of Natural Resource Utilization

  • Collecting: The direct method of obtaining plant and animal products; includes harvesting uncultivated organisms.
  • Hunting: Primarily for terrestrial fauna capture.
  • Fishing: Primarily for aquatic fauna capture.

Hunter-Gatherers

  • Description: Individuals who live by hunting and gathering food (animals, plants, insects).
  • Activities: Activities sometimes involved the capture of free-range domesticated animals/publicly protected species.
  • Significance: Significant portion (sometimes up to 50%) of the diet of hunter-gatherers.
  • Displacements: Displaced from their ancestral lands, and now rely on public aid and labor for livelihood.
  • Types of hunter-gatherers:
    • Aborigines of Australia
    • Inuit people of Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and northern Siberia
    • The San (Bushmen) of Botswana
    • Many Pygmy people in tropical rainforests of the Congo
    • Other less-known hunter-gatherers
  • Challenges: Deprived of their way of life, sense of identity, and facing impoverishment, stigmatization, begging, prostitution

Main Types of "Stationariness"

  • Total nomadism:
    • Animal owners without permanent settlement
    • No regular cultivation - families move with the herds
  • Semi-nomadism:
    • Permanent settlements adjacent to grazing areas
    • Families travel with their herds
  • Transhumance:
    • Farmers with permanent residence, send herds for grazing
  • Partial Nomadism:
    • Continuously live in settlements; herds within vicinity
  • Stationary Animal Husbandry:
    • Animals remain in a structure or inside a household, or are free-range

Patterns of Human Settlement

  • Governments' mandate: Balancing demographic trends, population movements, and agricultural production

Major Causes of Environmental Degradation

  • Inappropriate and uncontrolled utilization of resources
  • Increase demand for food and rapid population growth

Potential Solutions

  • Enhanced food production, water conservation
  • Land use management, matching
    • Participatory approach (farmers in planning & data collection)
    • Strengthened land use & land resource planning
    • Localized land resource planning, management and conservation.
    • Continuous monitoring, dissemination of information, integration, linking government, and people

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Description

Test your knowledge on territory and natural resource utilization as discussed in Ecol 172. This quiz covers key definitions, comparisons, and human adaptations related to socio-ecological concepts in various cultures. Prepare to explore the intricate relationship between environments and resource management.

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