Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a territory in terms of government?
What is a territory in terms of government?
A geographic area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority.
What is a territory in terms of animal behavior?
What is a territory in terms of animal behavior?
An area often including a nesting or denning site and a variable foraging range that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals.
What are the four key adaptations that allowed humans to adapt to changing environments?
What are the four key adaptations that allowed humans to adapt to changing environments?
Improvements in visual perception, ability to stand and move on two feet, freeing of the hands from locomotive functions, alterations in the ability to grasp, and development of a means of communication and/or language.
What is the ability to fashion tools based on available materials in the environment a result of?
What is the ability to fashion tools based on available materials in the environment a result of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ability to make tools that could be used to make better tools a result of?
What is the ability to make tools that could be used to make better tools a result of?
Signup and view all the answers
What are four key benefits of adaptations to humans?
What are four key benefits of adaptations to humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of a home range?
What is the definition of a home range?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a home range encompass?
What does a home range encompass?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of a living space?
What is the definition of a living space?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the factors that influence the size of home range?
What are the factors that influence the size of home range?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most direct method of obtaining plant and animal products?
What is the most direct method of obtaining plant and animal products?
Signup and view all the answers
What activity is normally associated with the capture of terrestrial fauna?
What activity is normally associated with the capture of terrestrial fauna?
Signup and view all the answers
What activity is associated with the capture of aquatic fauna?
What activity is associated with the capture of aquatic fauna?
Signup and view all the answers
What are hunter-gatherers?
What are hunter-gatherers?
Signup and view all the answers
Hunter-gatherer activities sometimes include the capture of free-range domesticated animals.
Hunter-gatherer activities sometimes include the capture of free-range domesticated animals.
Signup and view all the answers
Hunter-gatherer activities can provide as much as 50% of the diet of hunter-gatherers.
Hunter-gatherer activities can provide as much as 50% of the diet of hunter-gatherers.
Signup and view all the answers
What are two groups of well-known hunter-gatherers?
What are two groups of well-known hunter-gatherers?
Signup and view all the answers
Most hunter-gatherer groups have been displaced from their ancestral lands.
Most hunter-gatherer groups have been displaced from their ancestral lands.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary way that most hunter-gatherer groups obtain their livelihood in modern times?
What is the primary way that most hunter-gatherer groups obtain their livelihood in modern times?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the San (Bushmen) of Botswana, Namibia, and Southern Angola previously live as?
What did the San (Bushmen) of Botswana, Namibia, and Southern Angola previously live as?
Signup and view all the answers
What do the San (Bushmen) currently thrive as?
What do the San (Bushmen) currently thrive as?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do the Pygmy people live?
Where do the Pygmy people live?
Signup and view all the answers
The Pygmy people actively hunt animals but prefer to obtain vegetables by trading or working for their farming neighbors.
The Pygmy people actively hunt animals but prefer to obtain vegetables by trading or working for their farming neighbors.
Signup and view all the answers
Less-known hunter-gatherers are facing pressure from governments and settled neighbors.
Less-known hunter-gatherers are facing pressure from governments and settled neighbors.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the pressures faced by less-known hunter-gatherers from governments and settled neighbors?
What are the pressures faced by less-known hunter-gatherers from governments and settled neighbors?
Signup and view all the answers
The increasing difficulty to live by hunting and gathering has not pushed native peoples to organized political movements.
The increasing difficulty to live by hunting and gathering has not pushed native peoples to organized political movements.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the consequences of being deprived of their chosen way of life, land, and sense of identity for former hunter-gatherers?
What are the consequences of being deprived of their chosen way of life, land, and sense of identity for former hunter-gatherers?
Signup and view all the answers
Some former hunter-gatherers have become beggars or prostitutes in order to survive.
Some former hunter-gatherers have become beggars or prostitutes in order to survive.
Signup and view all the answers
Some former hunter-gatherers have opted to rebel or declare open warfare against societies that have marginalized them.
Some former hunter-gatherers have opted to rebel or declare open warfare against societies that have marginalized them.
Signup and view all the answers
Hunter-gatherer cultures lack social hierarchies but have significant differentiation in terms of power, wealth, and prestige.
Hunter-gatherer cultures lack social hierarchies but have significant differentiation in terms of power, wealth, and prestige.
Signup and view all the answers
The equality in hunter-gatherer societies is merely a result of material poverty.
The equality in hunter-gatherer societies is merely a result of material poverty.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the core value emphasized by hunter-gatherer group ideology?
What is the core value emphasized by hunter-gatherer group ideology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of total nomadism?
What is the definition of total nomadism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of semi-nomadism?
What is the definition of semi-nomadism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of transhumance?
What is the definition of transhumance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of stationary animal husbandry?
What is the definition of stationary animal husbandry?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mandate of governments in relation to human settlement?
What is the mandate of governments in relation to human settlement?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the major causes of environmental degradation?
What are the major causes of environmental degradation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are potential solutions to environmental degradation?
What are potential solutions to environmental degradation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Ecol 172: Socio-ecology
- Course information:
- Course name: Ecol 172 (Social Science Elective 3)
- Course topic: Socio-ecology
- Lecture time: 2:30 PM – 4:00 PM, Mondays and Thursdays
- Lecturer: Cheryl C. Batistel
- Lecturer email: [email protected]
- Department: Department of Biological Sciences, VSU, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte
Module 3: Territory and Natural Resource Utilization
- Learning outcomes:
- Define territory
- Describe natural resource utilization across cultures
- Compare stationariness types in semi-arid tropics and subtropics
Territory
- Definition 1 (Slide 3): A geographic area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority.
- Definition 2 (Slide 4): An area often including a nesting or denning site and a variable foraging range that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals.
- Human adaptation: Humans have adapted to changing environments through several key improvements, including:
- improved visual perception
- ability to stand and move on two feet
- freeing of hands from locomotive functions
- alterations in the ability to grasp; execute precision grips
- development of communication and/or language
Levels of Adaptations resulting to Use of Tools
- Early humans developed tool-making abilities as adaptations to solve problems.
- Stages of tool making:
- Started with shaping large rocks.
- Used stone hammers.
- Sharpened edges using wooden/antler hammers
- Further trimmed edges by carefully removing small flakes
- Improvement in tools reflected improved problem-solving capabilities
- Evidence of tool evolution timelines (Slide 8): Shows the progression of stone tool technology from early hominids to Homo sapiens.
Importance of Adaptations to Humans
- Expansion of geographic area
- Colonization of diverse ecosystems
- Mapping out a home range
- Demarcation of territories
Concept of Natural Resource Utilization
- Collecting: The direct method of obtaining plant and animal products; includes harvesting uncultivated organisms.
- Hunting: Primarily for terrestrial fauna capture.
- Fishing: Primarily for aquatic fauna capture.
Hunter-Gatherers
- Description: Individuals who live by hunting and gathering food (animals, plants, insects).
- Activities: Activities sometimes involved the capture of free-range domesticated animals/publicly protected species.
- Significance: Significant portion (sometimes up to 50%) of the diet of hunter-gatherers.
- Displacements: Displaced from their ancestral lands, and now rely on public aid and labor for livelihood.
- Types of hunter-gatherers:
- Aborigines of Australia
- Inuit people of Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and northern Siberia
- The San (Bushmen) of Botswana
- Many Pygmy people in tropical rainforests of the Congo
- Other less-known hunter-gatherers
- Challenges: Deprived of their way of life, sense of identity, and facing impoverishment, stigmatization, begging, prostitution
Main Types of "Stationariness"
- Total nomadism:
- Animal owners without permanent settlement
- No regular cultivation - families move with the herds
- Semi-nomadism:
- Permanent settlements adjacent to grazing areas
- Families travel with their herds
- Transhumance:
- Farmers with permanent residence, send herds for grazing
- Partial Nomadism:
- Continuously live in settlements; herds within vicinity
- Stationary Animal Husbandry:
- Animals remain in a structure or inside a household, or are free-range
Patterns of Human Settlement
- Governments' mandate: Balancing demographic trends, population movements, and agricultural production
Major Causes of Environmental Degradation
- Inappropriate and uncontrolled utilization of resources
- Increase demand for food and rapid population growth
Potential Solutions
- Enhanced food production, water conservation
- Land use management, matching
- Participatory approach (farmers in planning & data collection)
- Strengthened land use & land resource planning
- Localized land resource planning, management and conservation.
- Continuous monitoring, dissemination of information, integration, linking government, and people
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on territory and natural resource utilization as discussed in Ecol 172. This quiz covers key definitions, comparisons, and human adaptations related to socio-ecological concepts in various cultures. Prepare to explore the intricate relationship between environments and resource management.