26 Questions
Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pressure?
$pressure = force \div area$
What are the units commonly used to measure pressure?
mm Hg or cm of H2O
Which of the following concepts describes the study of forces that affect the movement of blood?
Hemodynamics
Which of the following is true about the parallel arrangement of vascular beds?
It decreases the total resistance in the circuit.
What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?
To control the action potential in cardiac muscles.
Which of the following is true about the cardiac action potential?
It is determined by the interaction between pumps and channels.
What is responsible for the initiation of the cardiac action potential?
Pacemaker potential
Which of the following factors determines impulse conduction in the heart?
All of the above
Which channel type is responsible for fast impulse conduction in the heart?
Sodium channel
Which of the following is a major determinant of the cardiac impulse refractory period?
Potassium channel function
Which of the following is the major effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart conduction?
Inhibit cAMP generation
Which of the following is a characteristic of ventricular fibrillation (v-fib)?
V-fib is characterized by uncoordinated pumping of the heart.
Which of the following can cause high ventricular rates in patients with pre-excitation syndrome?
Exercise
Which of the following is a characteristic of 3rd degree AV node block?
There is no communication between the atria and ventricles.
Moving from the supine to the standing position will increase hydrostatic pressure in the feet by
50 mm Hg
When moving from the supine to the standing position, what happens to blood flow through the capillaries in the feet?
Decreased greatly
Which equation represents Ohm's law for blood flow?
$R = \frac{\Delta P}{F(Q)}$
Which law describes the relationship between flow rate, pressure difference, and vessel radius?
Poiseuille's law
Which of the following leads is a standard bipolar limb lead in an ECG?
aVL
What is the formula to determine the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM) using the R-R interval on an ECG?
Heart Rate (BPM) = 1500 / # of small squares in R-R interval
Which of the following arrhythmias is characterized by an irregular baseline, undiscernable P waves, and irregular R-R intervals?
Atrial fibrillation
Which of the following arrhythmias is characterized by wide QRS complexes and rapid firing of a single ectopic ventricular focus?
Ventricular tachycardia (v-tach)
Which of the following is true about the cardiac pacemakers in the heart?
The SA node is the fastest pacemaker in a normal heart
What is the most effective way to extend the effective refractory period (ERP) in the ventricle?
Potassium channel blockade
Which of the following is true about the autonomic regulation of cardiac electrophysiology?
Parasympathetic stimulation inhibits L-type calcium channels in the SA and AV nodes
Which of the following is true about the impulse initiation (automaticity) in the heart?
Sodium channel opening is responsible for fast action potentials in the Purkinje fibers
Test Your Knowledge of ECG Leads: Identify the Different Bipolar and Unipolar Leads
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