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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pressure?
What are the units commonly used to measure pressure?
Which of the following concepts describes the study of forces that affect the movement of blood?
Which of the following is true about the parallel arrangement of vascular beds?
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What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?
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Which of the following is true about the cardiac action potential?
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What is responsible for the initiation of the cardiac action potential?
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Which of the following factors determines impulse conduction in the heart?
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Which channel type is responsible for fast impulse conduction in the heart?
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Which of the following is a major determinant of the cardiac impulse refractory period?
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Which of the following is the major effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart conduction?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of ventricular fibrillation (v-fib)?
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Which of the following can cause high ventricular rates in patients with pre-excitation syndrome?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of 3rd degree AV node block?
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Moving from the supine to the standing position will increase hydrostatic pressure in the feet by
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When moving from the supine to the standing position, what happens to blood flow through the capillaries in the feet?
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Which equation represents Ohm's law for blood flow?
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Which law describes the relationship between flow rate, pressure difference, and vessel radius?
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Which of the following leads is a standard bipolar limb lead in an ECG?
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What is the formula to determine the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM) using the R-R interval on an ECG?
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Which of the following arrhythmias is characterized by an irregular baseline, undiscernable P waves, and irregular R-R intervals?
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Which of the following arrhythmias is characterized by wide QRS complexes and rapid firing of a single ectopic ventricular focus?
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Which of the following is true about the cardiac pacemakers in the heart?
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What is the most effective way to extend the effective refractory period (ERP) in the ventricle?
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Which of the following is true about the autonomic regulation of cardiac electrophysiology?
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Which of the following is true about the impulse initiation (automaticity) in the heart?
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Study Notes
Pressure Calculation and Units
- Pressure is calculated using the equation: Pressure = Force / Area.
- Common units for measuring pressure include Pascals (Pa), mmHg, and atm (atmospheres).
Blood Movement Forces
- The study of forces affecting blood movement is known as hemodynamics.
Vascular Beds Arrangement
- In a parallel arrangement of vascular beds, each bed receives a fraction of the total blood flow, allowing for independent control of blood distribution.
Cardiac Conduction System
- The cardiac conduction system regulates the heart's rhythm by conducting electrical impulses, initiating contractions.
Cardiac Action Potential
- The cardiac action potential includes phases of depolarization and repolarization, critical for heartbeats.
- Sodium channels facilitate the rapid initiation of the cardiac action potential.
Impulse Conduction Factors
- Impulse conduction in the heart is mainly determined by cell membrane properties and the type of ion channels present.
Fast Impulse Conduction
- Gap junctions allow for fast impulse conduction due to direct electrical connections between cardiac cells.
Refractory Period Determinants
- The refractory period of the cardiac impulse is significantly influenced by potassium ion dynamics.
Parasympathetic Nervous System Effects
- The parasympathetic nervous system primarily decreases heart rate by acting on the sinoatrial node.
Ventricular Fibrillation Characteristics
- Ventricular fibrillation (v-fib) is characterized by erratic electrical activity in the heart, leading to ineffective pumping and lack of blood flow.
Pre-excitation Syndrome and High Ventricular Rates
- High ventricular rates in pre-excitation syndrome can be caused by re-entry circuits due to accessory pathways.
3rd Degree AV Node Block
- In 3rd degree AV node block, there is complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular activity, causing a slower ventricular escape rhythm.
Hydrostatic Pressure Changes
- Moving from supine to standing position increases hydrostatic pressure in the feet due to gravitational effects.
Blood Flow in Capillaries
- When transitioning to a standing position, blood flow through the capillaries in the feet may decrease initially due to pooling of blood while muscles adjust.
Ohm's Law and Blood Flow
- Ohm's law for blood flow is represented as: Flow = Pressure Difference / Resistance.
Flow Rate Relationships
- The relationship between flow rate, pressure difference, and vessel radius is described by Poiseuille's law.
ECG Standard Leads
- A standard bipolar limb lead in an ECG is Lead I, which compares the potential difference between the left arm and right arm.
Heart Rate Calculation
- The formula to determine heart rate in beats per minute (BPM) from the R-R interval is: HR = 60 / R-R interval (in seconds).
Arrhythmias Characteristics
- Atrial fibrillation is characterized by an irregular baseline and undiscernable P waves, with irregular R-R intervals.
- Ventricular tachycardia features wide QRS complexes with rapid firing from a single ectopic ventricular focus.
Cardiac Pacemakers
- Cardiac pacemakers, primarily located in the sinoatrial node, are responsible for initiating heartbeats and maintaining the regular rhythm.
Effective Refractory Period Extension
- The most effective way to extend the effective refractory period (ERP) in the ventricle is by increasing potassium channel activity.
Autonomic Regulation of Cardiac Electrophysiology
- Autonomic regulation plays a critical role in cardiac electrophysiology, influencing heart rate and conduction velocity through sympathetic and parasympathetic effects.
Automaticity Initiation
- Impulse initiation (automaticity) in the heart is primarily driven by pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node.
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Description
Test Your Knowledge of ECG Leads: Identify the Different Bipolar and Unipolar Leads