ECG Interpretation Quiz

Heart rate (bpm) = 300 / R-R interval in big squares

Normal heart rate on an ECG is 60-100 bpm

Corrected QTc interval = QT interval / √RR interval

<p>Normal corrected QTc interval on an ECG is 380-420 ms (0.38-0.42 sec)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of normal P waves in lead III on an ECG can suggest pulmonary embolism (PE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vote Trigger Prolonged QT Interval can be caused by Acute Myocardial Ischaemia, Myocarditis, Bradycardia, Head Injury, Hypothermia, U&amp;E Imbalance (K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ ), Congenital factors, and certain drugs (Quinidine, Antihistamines, Macrolides, Amiodarone, Phenothiazines).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ST segment represents the time from the end of ventricular depolarisation to the start of ventricular repolarisation. It is usually isoelectric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An abnormal ST segment is characterized by elevation greater than 2mm in two adjacent chest leads or elevation greater than 1mm in two adjacent limb leads. It is indicative of infarction. Depression of the ST segment indicates ischemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a normal ECG, the T wave is normally inverted in VR and V1, and in V2 in young individuals. Abnormal T wave inversion is observed if it is inverted in leads I, II, and V4-V6, which could indicate ischemia or infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digoxin can cause T wave inversion on an ECG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blastocele (blastocyst cavity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three shunts or bypasses in foetal circulation are: 1) Bypass of the hepatic circulation via ductus venosus, 2) Bypass of the pulmonary circulation via the foramen ovale, and 3) Bypass of the pulmonary circulation via the ductus arteriosus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The umbilical vein carries oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the foetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shunts or bypasses in foetal circulation must be obliterated at birth when the pulmonary circulation comes on stream. The ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum, the foramen ovale closes and becomes the fossa ovalis, and the ductus arteriosus closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood enters the foetal heart through the inferior vena cava and is directed to the right atrium. From the right atrium, it passes through the foramen ovale to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs. In the left atrium, the oxygenated blood mixes with a small amount of deoxygenated blood returning from the lungs. The mixed blood then flows into the left ventricle, which pumps it out through the aorta to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the foetus, oxygenated blood is supplied by the placenta through the umbilical vein. This blood enters the foetal circulation and is directed to the liver, where a portion is diverted to the hepatic circulation. The majority of the blood bypasses the liver through the ductus venosus and enters the inferior vena cava. It then mixes with deoxygenated blood returning from the lower body and enters the right atrium. The blood then follows the pathway described in the previous question to circulate through the foetal heart. Deoxygenated blood from the foetus is carried back to the placenta through the umbilical arteries, where it is replenished with oxygen and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foramen ovale is a hole between the right and left atria of the foetal heart. It allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the non-functioning foetal lungs and enter the left atrium directly. The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the foetus. It allows a portion of the blood pumped by the right ventricle to bypass the non-functioning foetal lungs and flow directly into the systemic circulation. The ductus venosus is a blood vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava in the foetus. It allows the majority of the oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and enter the systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DSCAM and COL6A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TBX1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Channelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining risk for life-threatening cardiac events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definite FH: Cholesterol &gt;6.7mM (LDL&gt;4mM) in children under 16 OR &gt;7.5mM (LDL&gt;4.9mM) in adults PLUS either Tendon xanthoma in patient or 1st/2nd degree relative. Possible FH: Family history of myocardial infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are approximately 1000 different mutations associated with familial hypercholesterolemia. Some of these mutations can result in the synthesis, transport, binding, internalization, or recycling of LDL being impaired. Examples include mutations in ApoB (Arg3500Gln), LDL receptor associated protein (null mutations), and PCSK9 (Asp374Tyr).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cascade testing is a type of genetic testing that involves screening the relatives of an individual with a known genetic mutation for familial hypercholesterolemia. This helps identify other family members who may also be at risk and allows for early intervention and treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial hypercholesterolemia can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that only one copy of the mutated gene is needed to cause the condition, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inclisirin is a medication that harnesses a natural process in the body to lower LDL cholesterol levels. It inhibits the PCSK9 protein, which normally degrades LDL receptors. By inhibiting PCSK9, more LDL receptors are available to remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream, resulting in lower cholesterol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers