ECG and SpO2 Monitoring Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of disposable SpO2 sensors?

  • To assess a patient's blood pressure.
  • To deliver medication intravenously.
  • To store patient data securely.
  • To provide continuous monitoring in various hospital settings. (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic of reusable SpO2 sensors?

  • They can be used multiple times and are easy to clean. (correct)
  • They are single-use and prevent cross-contamination.
  • They are primarily used in emergency settings only.
  • They provide continuous monitoring without any need for maintenance.

What can supplemental oxygen therapy be used to evaluate?

  • A patient's physical strength during exercise.
  • The need for emergency surgical intervention.
  • A patient's nutritional intake.
  • The effectiveness of oxygen delivery in new treatments. (correct)

How much fluid can an infusion pump administer at a minimum?

<p>0.1 mL per hour injections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation is not typically evaluated using SpO2 sensors?

<p>Determining blood glucose levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration of the PR Interval in an ECG?

<p>Less than 0.2 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be told to the doctor before undergoing an ECG?

<p>Any medications being taken (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an irregular heart rate be calculated using a 6-second strip on an ECG?

<p>Count the number of R waves and multiply by 20 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required in terms of clothing and jewelry before an ECG?

<p>Wear a hospital gown and remove all jewelry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is not typically needed for an ECG?

<p>Ultrasound machine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of QRS complexes, which of the following is true?

<p>The QRS complex can be either wide or narrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of heart rhythms can be easily estimated using large squares on an ECG?

<p>Regular heart rhythms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the QRS complex in an ECG?

<p>It helps assess the heart's electrical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an endotracheal tube?

<p>To secure a patent airway in cases of respiratory distress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would MOST likely indicate the need for endotracheal intubation?

<p>Apnea or respiratory failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cuff on an endotracheal tube?

<p>To prevent air leakage and aspiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of sizes for endotracheal tubes used in adults?

<p>7 mm to 9 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of laryngoscope blade is available for intubation?

<p>Straight and curved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial flow rate for Levophed if the patient weighs 60 kg?

<p>0.3 mcg/kg/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fiberoptic light delivery systems from bulb laryngoscope blades?

<p>Brilliance of the light source (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many milligrams of Levophed are in 250 ml of D5W if using the single concentration (1:1)?

<p>4 mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most likely to require a smaller endotracheal tube size?

<p>Infants and neonates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would you most likely anticipate airway obstruction that requires intubation?

<p>Facial burns or major facial trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stock dose of Potassium Chloride (KCl)?

<p>2 mEQ/mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When preparing Nicardipine at a concentration of 2 mg/hr, how much Nicardipine is needed in the solution of 90 ml PNSS?

<p>10 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of endotracheal intubation?

<p>To facilitate oxygenation and ventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What flow rate measurement is often more common for IV medications?

<p>mL/hr (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preparation is used for the double concentration Levophed drip?

<p>250 ml D5W + 8 mg Levophed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stock dose concentration for Nicardipine?

<p>1 mg/ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'down pressure' sensor detect?

<p>When the vein is blocked or the line is kinked (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensor is used to identify an empty bag or syringe?

<p>Up pressure sensor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration for the Dopamine drip with a 1:1 ratio?

<p>200 mg/250 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the flow rate for Dopamine, Dobutamine, and Norepinephrine determined?

<p>By computing both the concentration and flow rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a calcium-channel blocker indicated for hypertension?

<p>Nicardipine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dosage calculation is necessary for medications like Norepinephrine?

<p>mcg/kg/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Dobutamine drip prepared using D5W?

<p>250 ml with 250 mg Dobutamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common purpose of a drug library in medical pumps?

<p>To prevent medication errors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the nurse during tracheal intubation?

<p>Prepare the patient and assist the medical practitioner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs does NOT have inotropic effects?

<p>Nicardipine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal function of many infusion pumps?

<p>To record therapy events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored after the intubation procedure?

<p>Presence of laryngeal edema and tracheal stenosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the signs or symptoms that indicate a possible complication during the intubation process?

<p>Subcutaneous emphysema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool is used to visualize the larynx during intubation?

<p>A laryngoscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of applying cricoid pressure during intubation?

<p>To obstruct the esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which item is NOT typically used in the intubation procedure?

<p>Tracheostomy dressing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended patient status prior to the intubation procedure?

<p>Nil orally for four to six hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe a symptom of tracheal or esophageal perforation?

<p>Increased appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a P wave?

A wave on a heart's electrical activity, reflecting atrial depolarization (contraction).

What is the PR interval?

The segment between the P wave and the QRS complex, representing the time it takes for electrical impulses to travel from the atria to the ventricles.

What is the QRS complex?

A complex of waves on an ECG representing ventricular depolarization (contraction).

What is the QT interval?

The time it takes for the ventricles to repolarize (relax) measured from the initial QRS complex to the end of the T wave or to the start of the next QRS complex.

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How to calculate the heart rate from a 6-second ECG strip?

The number of R waves in a 6 second strip multiplied by 10 to estimate the heart rate.

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How to calculate the heart rate from a 3-second ECG strip?

The number of R waves in a 3-second ECG strip multiplied by 20 to estimate the heart rate.

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How to calculate the heart rate from a 3-second ECG strip, when less than 3 seconds is visible?

The number of R waves in a 3-second ECG strip multiplied by 40 to estimate the heart rate.

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What are the necessary ECG equipment?

Essential equipment for performing an ECG including electrode jelly, alcohol wipes, razor, clean gauze, and soap.

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Disposable SpO2 sensors

Disposable SpO2 sensors are designed for single-patient use and are commonly found in critical care settings like emergency rooms, operating rooms, and intensive care units.

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Reusable SpO2 sensors

Reusable SpO2 sensors offer the advantage of multiple uses or use with different patients. Ease of cleaning contributes to their versatility.

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What is an Infusion Pump?

An Infusion pump is a medical device that precisely delivers fluids, medications, or nutrients directly into a patient's circulatory system.

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What is the minimum delivery rate of an infusion pump?

Infusion pumps can deliver medication or nutrients with exceptional precision, administering as little as 0.1 mL per hour.

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Why are Infusion pumps used?

Infusion pumps offer a safe and effective way to deliver medication or fluids into the bloodstream, enabling accurate and controlled administration.

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Down Pressure Sensor

A device used in IV pumps to detect when the patient's vein is blocked or the IV line is kinked.

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Up Pressure Sensor

A device used in IV pumps to detect when the infusion bag or syringe is empty or being squeezed.

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Drug Library

A feature in IV pumps that helps prevent medication errors by setting programmable limits for individual drugs.

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Electronic Log

An internal electronic record that stores information about recent IV therapy events, such as doses, flow rates, and start/stop times.

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Inotropic Medications

Medications that increase the heart rate.

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Contropic Medications

Medications that decrease the heart rate.

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Dopamine (Dopa)

A medication that increases heart rate and contractility used in cases of heart failure.

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Dobutamine

A medication that increases heart rate and contractility used in cases of heart failure.

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Levophed (Norepinephrine)

A medication that increases heart rate and contractility used in cases of heart failure.

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Concentration and Flow Rate Calculations

A method used to calculate medications needed to be given intravenously.

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Flow Rate

The rate at which a fluid (e.g., medication) is delivered through an IV line, typically measured in milliliters per hour (mL/hr) or drops per minute (gtts/min).

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KCl Stock Dose

A concentrated solution of potassium chloride (KCl) used for intravenous administration, with a concentration of 2 milliequivalents (mEq) of potassium per milliliter (mL).

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Nicardipine Stock Dose

A concentrated solution of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine, commonly used to control blood pressure, with a concentration of 1 milligram (mg) of nicardipine per milliliter (ml).

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Endotracheal Intubation

The process of inserting a tube into the trachea (windpipe) to secure an airway, typically done during emergency situations or during anesthesia.

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Glottic Opening

The opening of the larynx (voice box) where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi.

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Endotracheal Tube

A tube inserted into the trachea during endotracheal intubation to maintain an open airway allowing for mechanical ventilation.

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Passing an Endotracheal Tube

The action of pushing the endotracheal tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea.

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Passing an Endotracheal Tube

The process of inserting the endotracheal tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea.

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Endotracheal Tube Size

The size of the endotracheal tube is determined by the internal diameter, measured in millimeters (mm). The size varies based on the patient's age and size.

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Laryngoscope

A medical device used to visualize the vocal cords and larynx during endotracheal intubation. It comes in two main types: straight and curved blades.

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Endotracheal Tube Cuff

The cuff on the endotracheal tube is inflated to create a seal around the trachea. This prevents air leaks, aspiration of fluids, and helps to secure the tube in place.

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Respiratory Distress

A serious condition where the body is not getting enough oxygen and/or cannot effectively remove carbon dioxide.

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Altered Mental Status

A loss of consciousness where the patient is unresponsive to external stimuli (e.g., pain, sound).

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Airway Obstruction

A situation where the airway is obstructed or narrowed, making breathing difficult.

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Apnea

Complete cessation of breathing.

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Tracheal Intubation

The process of inserting a tube into the trachea to maintain an open airway, often done in emergency situations or during surgery. It's a crucial procedure for ensuring adequate oxygen delivery to the lungs.

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Tracheal and Esophageal Perforation

A potential complication that may occur during or after tracheal intubation, where the trachea is accidentally punctured or torn, leading to serious consequences.

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Pneumothorax

A condition where the lung collapses due to air entering the space between the lung and the chest wall, often a complication of tracheal intubation.

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Aspiration

A condition where foreign material (food, fluids) enters the airways, potentially leading to complications like pneumonia. A potential risk during intubation.

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Laryngeal Edema

A potentially serious complication after tracheal intubation, where the vocal cords swell, making breathing difficult. It can be caused by trauma or inflammation.

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Tracheal Stenosis

A narrowing of the trachea, often a long-term consequence of intubation, potentially affecting breathing.

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Ambu Bag

A device used to inflate the lungs with air during tracheal intubation, providing artificial breathing.

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Study Notes

2023 Critical Care Laboratory

  • Focuses on the care of clients experiencing life-threatening conditions, acute illness, multi-organ problems, high acuity, and emergency situations.
  • Includes a laboratory component.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

  • A diagnostic tool recording the heart's electrical activity.
  • Electrodes placed on the skin connect to an amplifier and chart recorder.
  • ECG analysis diagnoses various heart conditions, from minor to life-threatening.
  • Heart Rate:
    • Normal heart rate is between 60-100 beats per minute.
    • Variations exist (e.g., athletes have slower resting heart rates).
  • Heart Cells:
    • Specialized heart cells (sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, Bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers) generate and coordinate electrical impulses.
    • Characteristics: Automaticity (initiate impulse), Excitability (respond to impulse), Conductivity (transmit impulse), Contractility (ability to contract), Refractoriness (inability to respond till repolarisation), Rhythmicity (contract & relax at regular rates).
  • ECG Waves and Intervals:
    • P wave: Atrial depolarization.
    • QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization (Q,R,S waves).
    • T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
    • PR interval: Time for SA node stimulation, atrial depolarization, & AV node conduction before ventricular depolarization.
    • ST segment: Early ventricular repolarization.
    • QT interval: Ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Corrected QT interval (QTc) is adjusted for heart rate.
    • U wave: Repolarization of Purkinje fibers (seen less often than other waves, sometimes indicative of low potassium levels).
  • ECG Interpretation:
    • Analyze rate, rhythm, P waves, QRS complexes, PR intervals, and QT intervals for diagnoses (e.g., irregular heart rate, heart enlargement, conduction abnormalities, and heart muscle damage).
  • ECG Equipment:
    • Holter monitor: Records the electrical activity of the heart over a longer period (24 or more hours).
    • ECG Machine: records the electrical activity of the heart.
  • 12-lead ECG: Standard ECG with 12 leads, electrodes placed on chest/limbs, most commonly used for diagnosing.
  • 15/18 lead ECG: Includes 3 more additional posterior leads improving the diagnosis of possible myocardial infarction.

Acid-Base Balance (ABG)

  • Evaluates oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and the blood's acidity.
  • Measured using blood from an artery.
  • Important in diagnosing respiratory and metabolic conditions and evaluating their treatment effectiveness, including oxygen therapy.
  • Key factors:
    • pH (blood acidity).
    • PaCO2 (carbon dioxide in the blood).
    • HCO3 (bicarbonate in the blood).
  • Interpretation: Evaluate pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 to determine imbalances indicative of respiratory or metabolic conditions.

Pulse Oximetry

  • Noninvasive method to monitor blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 or SaO2).
  • Used in emergency settings, operating rooms, ICUs, and other patient care areas.
  • Sensors placed on the finger, forehead, earlobe, or nose and measures blood oxygen level.
  • Interpretation: Normal SpO2 is 95-100%. Readings <85% suggests low oxygen to some tissues indicating further investigation.

Infusion Pumps

  • Administers fluids, medications, or nutrients to the patient.
  • Types of Pumps: Large-volume or Small-volume.
  • Safety measures: Anti-free-flow devices and battery backup; ensures safe delivery and to avoid overdosing.

Intravenous Medications

  • Calculation methods for determining doses and infusion rates of IV medications such as dopamine, dobutamine, and epinephrine are included.

Endotracheal Intubation

  • Insertion of an endotracheal tube into the trachea.
  • Important for establishing and maintaining a patent airway.
  • Used in patients with respiratory distress or compromised airways.
  • Laryngoscope blades: Straight or Curved (Miller or Macintosh).
  • Indications:* Airway obstruction, Ineffective oxygenation/ventilation, Altered mental status, Apnea, Ineffective clearance of secretions, Respiratory distress, etc.
  • Equipment: Laryngoscope, Endotracheal tube, Suctions, Etc.

Endotracheal Suctioning

  • Removal of airway secretions using negative pressure.
  • Purpose: Maintain patent airways, remove secretions, promote optimal respiratory function, and prevent pneumonia.
  • Open/Closed technique: Choices for suctioning depending on patient condition.
  • Equipment includes Suction catheter of appropriate size for the patient's age.

Basic Life Support (BLS)

  • Emergency procedures to maintain circulation and respiration.
  • Includes CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation).

Cardiac Arrest vs Heart Attack

  • Cardiac arrest: Sudden, unexpected electrical malfunction stopping the heart.
  • Heart attack: Blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.

Other Critical Care Procedures

  • Includes discussion of cricothyroidotomy (a procedure that creates a surgical airway) to achieve effective breathing.

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Test your knowledge on ECG and SpO2 sensors with this quiz. Questions cover the primary purpose of sensors, ECG requirements, heart rate calculations, and more. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.

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