Ecchymosis: Hematomas and Bruises

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical area size of an ecchymosis?

Less than 1 cm

More than 5 cm

2-5 cm

1-2 cm (correct)

What happens to the erythrocytes in ecchymosis?

They are released back into the bloodstream

They are converted to bilirubin

They are destroyed by immune cells

They are phagocytosed and degraded (correct)

What is the color of hemoglobin in ecchymosis?

Blue-green

Yellow

Golden-brown

Red-blue (correct)

What is the final product of bilirubin conversion in ecchymosis?

Hemosiderin Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of hemosiderin?

Golden-brown Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for producing coagulation type materials?

Endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of anticoagulation mechanism in blood vessels?

To prevent blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of collagen in blood vessels?

To provide structural support Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of injury to blood vessels?

Activation of blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of endothelial cells in their normal state?

To prevent blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ECM in blood vessels?

To provide structural support Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of plasmin breaking down fibrin?

Production of fibrin split products Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation?

Protein C and S deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alpha 2 antiplasmin in the body?

To control the action of plasmin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary cause of hypercoagulability?

Factor V mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of free plasmin on fibrin?

It breaks down the fibrin clot Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to control the action of plasmin?

To prevent excessive bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary cause of hypercoagulability?

Immobility Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between plasmin and alpha 2 antiplasmin?

Alpha 2 antiplasmin inactivates free plasmin Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a combination of high risk factors and hypercoagulability?

Increased risk of thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein C and S in the body?

To prevent thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Antithrombin III deficiency?

Increased thrombosis risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the common result of pooling of blood in veins?

Blood clot formation Signup and view all the answers

What can cause injury to vessels and lead to thrombosis?

Surgery, trauma, or burns Signup and view all the answers

What can increase the incidence of thrombosis?

Hypercoagulable conditions Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce the risk of deep venous thrombosis?

Regular exercise and movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for deep venous thrombosis?

Immobilization after surgery Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ecchymosis and Hematomas

Ecchymosis are subcutaneous hematomas or bruises that are 1-2 cm in area
Erythrocytes in these hemorrhages are phagocytosed and degraded
Hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin, which is blue-green in color, and eventually to hemosiderin, a golden-brown colored material

Blood Vessels and Coagulation

Endothelial cells produce a variety of materials, including coagulation factors, inhibitors of blood coagulation, and vasodilation factors
Collagen and ECM play a role in coagulation
Antithrombin and fibrinolysis are involved in anticoagulation mechanisms
Endothelial cells have anti-thrombotic, anti-aggregation, and anti-coagulation effects

Fibrinolysis and Plasmin

Plasmin breaks down fibrin, producing fibrin split products
Free plasmin is inactivated by alpha 2 antiplasmin to control its action

Hypercoagulability

Primary causes of hypercoagulability include Factor V mutations, prothrombin mutations, Antithrombin III deficiency, and protein C and S deficiency
Secondary causes are considered high-risk, including individuals who are immobile or have a history of blood clots
Hypercoagulable conditions increase the incidence of thrombosis in situations that cause blood stasis, such as long flights or immobilization after surgery
Surgery, trauma, or burns may cause thrombosis due to injury to vessels, release of procoagulants, and reduced t-PA activity

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Description

Learn about ecchymosis, a type of subcutaneous hematoma or bruise, and its characteristics, including the breakdown of hemoglobin and the formation of bilirubin and hemosiderin.