Equipment and furnishings

Knowledge Levels

• Basic knowledge for categories A, B1, and B2 is indicated by the allocation of knowledge levels indicators (1, 2, or 3) against each applicable subject.
• Category C applicants must meet either the category B1 or the category B2 basic knowledge levels.

Level 1 Objectives

• The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject.
• The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using common words and examples.
• The applicant should be able to use typical terms.

Level 2 Objectives

• A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
• An ability to apply that knowledge.
• The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject.
• The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples.
• The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject.
• The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject.
• The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.

Level 3 Objectives

• A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
• A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner.
• The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other subjects.
• The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples.
• The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject.
• The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics describing the subject.
• The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer's instructions.
• The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements and apply corrective action where appropriate.

Emergency Equipment

• Aircraft have various emergency equipment and installations for use in emergencies on the ground, in water (ditching), or in flight.
• Emergency equipment may include:
• Escape slides/chutes
• Escape rafts
• Escape ropes
• Emergency lights and escape path lighting
• Loose emergency equipment includes:
• Portable fire extinguishers
• Fire axe
• Protective breathing equipment (PBE)
• Smoke goggles
• Cabin portable oxygen bottles
• Life vests
• Emergency locator transmitter
• Megaphones
• Torches
• First aid kit

Emergency Evacuation

• Each crew and passenger area must have emergency means to allow rapid evacuation in crash landings, with landing gear both extended and retracted, considering the possibility that the aircraft is on fire.

Escape Slides

• Emergency equipment provides flight attendants and passengers a means to assist themselves during an emergency.
• Slides used during water landings have quick-release detachable girts to allow them to be disconnected from the aircraft and used for flotation.
• Emergency locator beacons/transmitters are commonly included as part of the survival equipment.
• Aircraft with exits above 1.8 m (6 ft) above ground must be equipped with slides.
• Slides are packed into stowage compartments on the aircraft exit doors.
• Directional guidance lights turn on automatically during slide inflation to provide illumination during night evacuations, powered by the emergency lighting system.
• Escape slides are normally stowed on a cabin door and covered by a fibreglass cover, mounted on/adjacent to an emergency exit or adjacent to the exit.
• They provide quick evacuation for passengers and crew in an on-land emergency.

Escape Slide Inflation Cylinder

• Provides high-pressure air to inflate the escape slide within seconds using an aspirator.
• Pressure cylinders are filled with a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2).
• A green band on the cylinder indicates correct pressure for the cylinder temperature.
• A safety pin locks the inflation valve during removal/installation of the escape slide pack.

Escape Slide Aspirator

• Aspirators are cylindrical, hollow aluminium tubes with sliding cylindrical or internal 'flapper' doors that open when high pressure gas is applied and close when the gas stream stops.
• They operate on the Venturi principle and draw outside air into the evacuation unit, packed so that the aspirators are directly under the outer cover for correct deployment.

Slide Inflation

• Slides inflate automatically when a door is opened in the ARMED position.
• They are built into the door or installed underneath the door frame.
• The slide is armed and disarmed manually. When the door handle is set to ARMED, the escape slide grip bar slides towards the grip bar fittings attached to the floor.
• As the door opens, the outboard movement pulls the grip from the escape slide pack.
• Gas stored within the inflation reservoir discharges into the slide through flexible hoses and the aspirator.
• The slide inflates in 3-10 seconds.

Manual Operation

• If the escape slide does not inflate automatically, pull the manual inflation handle (red) installed in the top right corner of the door, reachable only when the door is open.
• The escape slide can be disconnected from the aircraft floor when necessary via a quick-release feature.
• Once detached, the inflatable drops from the aircraft but remains attached by a string, which must be cut by a knife located on the grip extension.
• The inflatable is then completely disconnected from the aircraft.

Off-Wing Escape Slide Deployment

• The off-wing escape slide is packed in a container assembly mounted in the center fuselage belly fairing.
• The emergency exits installed over each wing are always in ARMED configuration.
• Opening one emergency wing exit starts the deployment sequence, with the escape slide automatically inflating.
• A red manual inflation handle, installed on each exit frame, must be pulled to manually activate the inflation and deployment sequence if the automatic release fails.

Life Rafts

• Aircraft flown over water beyond a permitted distance from land must carry sufficient life rafts for each person on board as part of its emergency life-saving equipment.
• Life raft stowages must be installed in aircraft to meet requirements, complying with relevant certification.
• Life rafts must have 100% overload capacity, lift and carry capability (no dragging), be kept in a clean environment, not stacked with equipment on top, should not be carried by the lanyard, and any security tag breakage must be reported.

Flight Crew Emergency Exits

• Aircraft where passenger emergency exits are not conveniently accessible to the flight crew area, and all aircraft seating more than 20 passengers, must have flight crew exits in the flight crew area.
• These exits must be sufficiently sized and located for rapid crew evacuation.
• One exit on each side of the aircraft or a top hatch must be available.

Emergency Ropes

• Civil passenger aircraft with emergency exits lacking escape chutes provide emergency ropes, also fitted near over-wing emergency exits.
• They attach to the structure next to or above the exits.
• For over-wing exits, accessible only after the emergency window is opened, and provided with a hook that may be clipped into a fitting in the upper surface of the wing enabling the passengers to remain on the wing after a ditching.

Flight Deck Crew Emergency Escape Ropes

• Are fitted beside the crew emergency exits.
• Allow the flight crew to move safely to the ground through the sliding windows.

Emergency Lights and Escape Path Lighting

• An emergency lighting system, independent of the main lighting system, may be installed.
• The emergency system illuminates emergency escape lights, cabin emergency lights, and exit signs.
• Power is supplied by 28-V DC or integrated batteries.
• The escape path system is designed to show passengers where to go and indicate areas containing emergency exits.

Fire Extinguishers

• Situated throughout the aircraft for dealing with in-flight fires in the cabin and crew compartments.
• Common types include Halon (BCF), water, and dry chemical.
• Halon is the most widely used type due to its high effectiveness on most fires, non-toxicity, and the lack of chemical residue after use.
• A dry chemical fire extinguisher should not be used in the pilot compartment due to adverse effects on vision during discharge and to interference with electrical contacts by the chemical residues.

Fire Axe and Gloves

• A fire axe is normally installed in the aircraft to aid in escape if exits are blocked, and the handle is insulated against high voltage.
• Fire gloves are stored close to a fire extinguisher and may be used for personal protection.

Protective Breathing Equipment (Crew)

• Protective breathing equipment (PBE) supplies a smokeless head envelope (smoke hood) and a source of air for firefighting operations.
• The PBE is stowed in storage boxes near fire extinguishers in galley areas and flight compartments.

Cabin Portable Oxygen Bottles

• Oxygen bottles are located throughout the passenger cabin and flight deck.
• They may be used for first aid in the passenger cabin or to protect the crew after aircraft depressurization or for smoke protection while firefighting.

Life Vests

• May be fitted at each seat position in the aircraft, with additional stowage for infant life vests.
• Normally stowed under passenger seats and in easily accessible positions for crew members.
• Stowage should be kept clean and dry, and the stowage retaining device should be checked periodically for security and in case of release.
• Buoyancy is achieved by inflating the jacket with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, stored under pressure in a small cylinder and released by a manually operated mechanism.
• A standby mouth inflation valve is provided if the CO2 system is inoperative, or if 'topping-up' is required after prolonged immersion.
• To assist rescue operations, life jackets are equipped with an identification light, battery, and a whistle.

ELT, ELB, and EPIRBs

• The Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT), Emergency Locator Beacon (ELB), and Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRB) are all similar.
• They come in two types: fixed and deployable.

Fixed Emergency Locator Transmitter

• Transmits a coded message (each unit is coded to an aircraft) to orbiting satellites.
• Battery-powered devices are used in distress situations to transmit a coded message to satellites.
• These satellites triangulate the position and send information to a ground station.
• The ELT transmitter has two sections: one sends a signal on the VHF emergency channels (121.5 and 243.0 MHz), and the other sends a signal on the UHF 406-MHz channel.
• Power to the transmitter is supplied by a battery pack.

Deployable Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon

• Located near one of the life rafts, this small, buoyant automatic transmitter has a water-activated battery and self-erecting antenna.
• It is usually attached to the life raft with a restraining strap and approximately 25 m of cord.
• Water activates the battery, dry electrolyte and transmits on the distress frequency of 406.025 MHz.
• The deployable EPIRB uses water to dissolve the restraining straps, which deploys the antenna and the stabilising fins.
• An internal mercury switch allows current flow from the activated battery when the ELB is in a vertical position.
• The ELB signal transmission can be stopped if the beacon is positioned horizontally.

Megaphone

• Is fitted for use by crew members when the main public address system is not working.
• One megaphone is required for passenger seating configurations of 61 to 99.
• For 100 or more passengers, two megaphones are required.

Torches (Flashlights)

• Are provided near crew stations for illumination and signaling.

First Aid Kits

• Multiple first aid kits are provided for treating casualties during flight or after a crash.
• Used contents must be replenished before the next flight, and kits are inspected for missing or broken seals.
• If a seal is missing or broken, the kit must be forwarded to an approved inspection facility.

Seats, Harnesses and Belts

Flight Deck Layout

• Older aircraft flight decks typically have up to four pilot seats: captain, first officer, flight engineer, and navigator.
• Modern aircraft are equipped with two pilot seats and two or three observer seats for crew training and in-flight checks as computer technology has taken over the navigator's and flight engineer's functions.

Flight Crew Seats

• The two pilot seats are usually electrically operated, moving longitudinally and vertically for comfortable reach of the flight controls.
• Manual operation is always possible in case of electrical power loss.
• Adjustable features include recline, lumbar support, armrest position, and thigh support.
• Flight deck seats provide stowage for flight crew life jackets, flight literature, a first aid kit, and a torch.
• From a pilot's point of view, the seat is a critical cockpit component. An unserviceability in any seat function may ground the aircraft until repairs are carried out.

Flight Crew Seat Tracks

• The pilot's and co-pilot's seats are secured to the cockpit floor on tracks that differ from cabin seat tracks in function and shape.
• Cockpit seat tracks are I-beam shaped for longitudinal adjustability.
• The tracks drilled tops provide locking positions, where the seat adjustment mechanism lock pins engage the holes, ensuring a positive lock.
• Stops at each rail end prevent seat disconnection at extreme positions.
• Some seat tracks allow the seat to move outboard in the rearmost position, providing greater access by allowing passage between the seat and the pedestal.

Observer Seats

• Commonly called jump seats, are simple non-adjustable folding seats attached to a cockpit bulkhead.
• Some slide into a stowage position when not in use.
• Like pilot seats, they are equipped with five-point retractable harnesses and provide stowage for a life jacket.

Attendant Seat

• Cabin crew seats are installed near cabin entry doors making crew available to open the door in the even of an emergency.
• Equipped with quick-release buckles and retractable inertia-reel shoulder harnesses.
• Each seat is spring-loaded to move to the stowed position when not in use.

Passenger Seats

• Must meet specific regulatory requirements and are provided with a seat belt and possibly a life vest.
• Seats attach to continuous extrusion tracks with circular cut-outs, allowing seat attachment fittings to be positioned in 1-in. increments.
• Normally the rear seat attachment is stronger than the front one.
• Forward, rear, or both seat attachments may have an adjustable device to eliminate rattle as the attachment wears.
• Seat retention studs are mounted in the front and rear of each leg.
• A pivoted double retaining stud is mounted to the rear of each leg.
• Seat retention and locking are ensured by a spring-loaded shear plunger located at the rear of each leg or a jam nut on the forward leg.
• Overtightening the jam nut may deform the seat tracks
• Seat tracks allow for ease of removal or re-configuration.

Economy Class Seats

• Economy seats are designed to be simple, strong and lightweight with manual adjustability only.
• Aircraft on long-range flights may have a simple control panel for music/flight attendant call.
• Most seats have trays for eating/reading either in the seat back, which folds down to form a small table, or inside the armrest, which folds out.

First/Business Class Seats

• Equipped with an electrically operated reclining mechanism to a full-horizontal flat position, forming a bed.
• The passenger uses a control panel to adjust the reading light, attendant call, and entertainment system (music and video).

Seat Pitch

• Space is defined by the amount each seat has from one end to another.
• Seat pitch can be reduced and replaced with thinner seatbacks, according to many airlines.

Safety Harness

• Safety harnesses in transport category aircraft are mostly five-point type.
• Lap and crotch belts are adjustable in length and non-retractable.
• The shoulder harness is retractable and can be locked to firmly hold the occupant when required.
• Some small general aviation aircraft may be equipped with lap belts.
• Webbing, made from synthetic materials, has a prescribed tensile strength and is no less than 50 mm wide.

Flight Deck Crew Harness - Five-Point

• An inertia unit is used to allow smooth movement to the pilot's controls without restrictions.
• The unit should operate at any attitude, prevent unwanted lock-up/binding, and the strap is aligned in the direction of loading to prevent rubbing/fraying.

Cabin Layout

• In commercial air travel, cabins can be divided into passenger (first, business, and economy class), a combination (combi) of passenger and cargo, or cargo only.
• Cabin layout shows the location of emergency exits, lavatories, galleys, bulkheads, and wings, basic seat locations, and the numbering/lettering of seats.
• Airlines use the Location of Passenger Accommodation Manual (LOPA) for cabin layout.
• LOPA: An engineering diagram of the aircraft interior that describes locations of interior design/layout. and flight attendant seats.

Equipment Layout

• Refer to previous section 11.7.1.1 for emergency equipment, cabin configurations, emergency equipment requirements, and any seating assignments.

Cabin Furnishing Installation

• All materials inside passenger cabin must meet all flame-resistance standards.

Linings and Insulation

• The lining provides the passenger compartment's aesthetics.
• Insulation provides thermal and acoustic regulation.
• Insulation blankets, placed between the linings and fuselage skin, thermally and acoustically insulate the passenger compartment.

Air Return Grilles (Decompression Panels)

• Part of the passenger cabin ventilation.
• They let air move from the upper to the lower cabin, allowing conditioned air circulation and air circulation during rapid decompression.

Overhead Stowage Bins

• Are for stowage of coats and carry-on items.

Passenger Service Units

• Above the passenger seats, each typically containing an individual reading light control, air vent, and flight attendant call button.
• The units frequently have small illuminated 'Fasten Seat Belt' and 'No Smoking' signs and contain a speaker for the cabin public address system.
• The PSU normally contains a drop-down oxygen mask, which is activated if there is a sudden drop in cabin pressure.
• These are supplied with oxygen by means of a chemical oxygen generator.

Attendant Stations

• Provide workstations and seats for the cabin attendants.
• Are near the forward and aft entry doors.

Floor Coverings

• Carpets provide a comfortable, soundproof covering.
• Mats at entryways, galleys, and lavatories provide non-skid, waterproof surfaces.
• Moisture barriers prevent structural damage from corrosive fluid spills in these locations.
• Sealant on the edges ensures a complete moisture barrier seal.
• Drains in entryways and galleys drainage overboard for water/other liquids from weather or spillage.

Cabin Entertainment Systems

In-Flight Entertainment

Personal Television

• Most airlines provide personal television (PTV) for each passenger on most long-haul routes located in the seat backs or tucked away in the armrests for front row seats and first class.
• The types of media include: direct broadcast satellite television, and the ability to view live TV.
• Airlines also offer video games using PTV equipment.
• Most airlines provide closed captioning for hearing impaired passengers.
• PTV systems can be controlled in the armrest or a handheld device.

Passenger Address

• Top priority with PA systems, where it always takes precedence, where the most important part is getting all the other passengers' attention
• Also, a feature to be considered is announcements are a must made by the pilots to have priority over everything.
• An each attendant's station, there is also a handset.

Galley Installation

• Galleys are modular in design and secured at several locations.
• Typically installed in the cabin or in the under-floor compartment.
• Cabin galleys are normally fixed to the existing seat rails with additional fasteners to the walls and ceiling so that the heavy galley can withstand acceleration well above normal flight loads.
• Galley equipment must be secured against movement during take-off, turbulence, and landing.

Dry Galleys

• Are not connected to aircraft systems such as ventilation or potable water.
• Primarily used to store the trolleys and to keep foods and drinks.

Wet Galleys

• Connected to the following:
• Water and waste system
• Air extraction system
• Main air cabin ventilation system
• Electrical power system

Attachment Points

• Are in the form of upper ceilings, the first is a bracket and two adjustable tierods, and a tie assembly where it attaches to parts of the galley.
• Lower Attachments are wherever existing seat rails are located.

Lavatories

• Provide sanitary facilities on the aircraft.
• The lavatory area structure can have a protective coat to prevent corrosion.
• Structures and lavatories that are often attached using the same method and designs.
• Each lavatory has hot and cold waters, a gasper oxygen outlet, a smoke detector, and automatic fire extinguisher in the waste bin.

Cargo Handling and Retention Equipment

Cargo Compartments

• In passenger-carrying aircraft, cargo is usually carried in the cargo compartment under the deck.
• Cargo can also occupy the main deck where passenger seats are.
• Two types of compartments include bulkhead compartments and container/pallet compartments.

Cargo Handling

Semi-Automatic Loading System

• Containers are also equipped with loading systems, where most of it is in a system used to load load units to cargo doors.
• The aircraft loading system takes the rest to load.

Cargo Control Panel

• A control panel where each forward and aft cargo loading system is controlled, next to a cargo door.
• The ULDs and pallets can be loaded and unloaded at either manual, and electrical power.

Webbing Nets

• Nets installed forward and aft of the door in each cargo compartment, which helps prevents shifting either aft and forward if loose.