Ch 3: The structure of the Earth
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Questions and Answers

How are large crystals formed in igneous rocks?

  • From rapid cooling
  • From slow cooling (correct)
  • From transportation
  • From weathering

    • What type of rocks transform under extreme pressure and temperature without melting?

  • Metamorphic rocks (correct)
  • Igneous rocks
  • Sedimentary rocks
  • Intrusive rocks

    • How are laccoliths and lopoliths formed?

  • By magma intrusion between rock layers (correct)
  • By weathering
  • By erosion
  • By volcanic eruptions

    • What distinguishes sills from dykes in their formation?

    <p>Their orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is known for formations like tors?

    <p>Igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sedimentary rock landforms differ from karst landscapes?

    <p>Karst landscapes are formed in limestone areas with caves and springs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is directly beneath the crust?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle?

    <p>Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is primarily composed of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe)?

    <p>Outer Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical state of the Earth's inner core?

    <p>Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is about 1,200 km thick?

    <p>Inner Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range that the mantle of the Earth can reach?

    <p>$2000-3000$°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical state of the Earth's outer core?

    <p>Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth remains solid despite extreme heat?

    <p>Inner Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle?

    <p>Mohorovičić discontinuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature can the mantle of the Earth reach?

    <p>$5,000°C$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is divided into tectonic plates?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dykes and sills different in their orientation?

    <p>Dykes are horizontal, while sills are vertical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the formation of batholiths?

    <p>They result from the cooling and solidification of magma below the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of karst landscapes in limestone?

    <p>Dissolution of limestone by carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths?

    <p>Laccoliths cause uplift, while lopoliths cause downward sagging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in the formation of metamorphic rocks?

    <p>Extreme pressure and temperature without melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of the Earth's inner core prevents it from melting despite extreme heat?

    <p>Intense pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is characterized by being capable of flow due to its plastic-like rock composition?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the Earth's outer core that contributes to its liquid state?

    <p>Nickel (Ni)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is found beneath the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho)?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate thickness of the Earth's mantle?

    <p>~900 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth marks the division into tectonic plates that float over the semi-fluid upper mantle?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature can the outer core of the Earth reach due to extreme temperatures?

    <p>~5,000°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is composed of solid but plastic-like rock that can flow?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the crystal size within an igneous rock?

    <p>Rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dykes differ from sills in their orientation?

    <p>Orientation in relation to existing rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the formation of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Erosion and deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landform is characteristic of limestone karst landscapes?

    <p>Caves and springs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock undergoes transformation under extreme pressure and heat without melting?

    <p>Metamorphic rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do laccoliths differ from lopoliths in their formation?

    <p>Shape of intrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intrusive igneous activity from extrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Formation depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that influences the resistance to erosion and permeability of landforms?

    <p>Type of rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum thickness of the Earth's crust?

    <p>90 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is primarily composed of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe)?

    <p>Outer Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate maximum temperature that the mantle of the Earth can reach?

    <p>$5,000$°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth marks the boundary between the mantle and the crust?

    <p>Mohorovičić discontinuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the inner core of the Earth to remain solid despite extreme heat?

    <p>Immense pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is characterized by being able to flow due to its plastic-like rock composition?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the depth range of the mantle, extending downward from beneath the crust?

    <p>$2,000-3,000$ km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How thick is the outer core of the Earth?

    <p>$2,250$ km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth forms the upper part of the lithosphere?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the Earth's outer core due to the extremely high temperatures it experiences?

    <p>Liquid state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor influencing the formation of large crystals in igneous rocks?

    <p>The rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths?

    <p>Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process forms dykes and sills in intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Magma intrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are most likely to exhibit karst landscapes?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily determines the resistance to erosion and permeability of landforms?

    <p>Type of rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is characterized by the alteration of mineral composition and structure under extreme pressure and temperature?

    <p><strong>Metamorphic</strong> rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sills from dykes in intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Sills are horizontal while dykes are vertical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of batholiths in the rock cycle?

    <p>They are large masses of igneous rock that form deep below the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sedimentary rock landforms differ from igneous rock landforms?

    <p>Sedimentary rock landforms form due to weathering and deposition of sediments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor influencing the formation of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Weathering and erosion of existing rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the formation of tors as described in the text?

    <p>Erosion of surrounding material</p> Signup and view all the answers

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